NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COMMITTEE
NATIONAL REPORT
to the
International Association of Meteorology
and Atmospheric
Sciences
of the
International
1999 – 2002
Presented to the XXIII General
Assembly
of the
International
Moscow 2003
This report of the Meteorology and Atmospheric
Sciences Section (MASS) of the Russian National Geophysical Committee presents
information on atmospheric research in 1999-2002 in
1. Atmospheric Chemistry (Chairman I.K. Larin),
2. Atmospheric Electricity (Chairman V.N. Stasenko),
3. Atmospheric Ozone (Chairman N.F. Elansky),
4. Climate (Chairman I.I. Mokhov),
5. Dynamic Meteorology (Chairman M.V. Kurgansky),
6. Meteorology of Middle Atmosphere (Chairman A.A.
Krivolutsky),
7. Physics of Clouds and Precipitation (Chairman A.A.
Chernikov),
8. Planetary Atmospheres (Chairman O.I. Korablev),
9. Polar Meteorology (Chairman A.I. Danilov),
10. Radiation (Chairman Yu.M. Timofeyev).
Editors:
RAS Corresponding Member Igor I. Mokhov (MASS
Chairman)
Dr. Alexey A. Krivolutsky (MASS Scientific Secretary)
@ National
Geophysical Committee RAS, 2003
CONTENTS
1.
Atmospheric
Chemistry (by I.K. Larin)
2.
Atmospheric
Electricity (by V.N. Stasenko)
3.
Atmospheric
Ozone (by N.F. Elansky)
4.
Climate (by I.I.
Mokhov)
5.
Dynamic Meteorology
(by M.V. Kurgansky and M.A. Tolstykh )
6.
Middle
Atmosphere Meteorology (by A.A. Krivolutsky)
7.
Physics of
Clouds and Precipitation (by A.A. Chernikov)
8.
Planetary
Atmospheres (by O.I. Korablev)
9.
Polar Meteorology
(by A.I. Danilov and V.E. Lagun)
10. Radiation (by Yu.M.
Timofeyev)
ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY
I.K. Larin
Leninsky
38, Bld. 2, 117829 Moscow,
The works in the field of atmospheric chemistry which
is carried out by the Russian scientists in this period, cover a wide circle of
problems connected to processes, occurring in troposphere,
stratosphere and higher layers of an atmosphere. These researches were done on a number of
traditional directions, including laboratory study of atmospheric physico-chemical processes,
theoretical analysis of atmospheric mechanisms, field observations and mathematical
modeling. During this work a number of new important results of general scientific importance were received that allow better to understand
processes and mechanisms working in the atmosphere and determining its properties. Basic the "applied" purpose of these researches
consist in the analysis of mechanisms of influence of the antropogenic factors
on properties of environment; thus the special attention was given to ozone layer
and climate change, to processes of
formation of acid rains, and also processes of pollution of air in urban areas.
The materials of the report are presented in sections
" Chemistry of the troposphere", "Ozone layer and reasons of
its change ",
"Chemistry of climate and its change ", "Chemistry of urban areas", "Monitoring of the
atmosphere", "Atmospheric modeling".
1. Chemistry of the troposphere
Last years the most important achievement in
tropospheric chemistry are connected to study of heterogeneous
processes playing a key role in formation of acid rains and, as has appeared, in depletion of the ozone layer.
The heterogeneous
chemical reactions of sulfur dioxide oxidation in dropplets of tropospheric
clouds were intensively studied last years in the Institute of energy problems
of chemical physics RAS. The basic attention was concentrated on the study of
dynamics and mechanism of liquid-phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide at the
presence of ions of iron and manganese (acid rains). The fact of running of
these katalitic reactions is connected with presence in their mechanism of a
link of a chain branching. For dynamics of permanently developing reaction it
is important what link of the iron ions cycle (F(III) 
F(II)) is limiting. Depending on it or a long
- chain oxidation of sulfur dioxide either katalitic one is realized. Within
the framework of these representations it was possible to explain the reasons
of variety of the majority of "whims" of this reaction, not being
stacked in frameworks of habitual representations about radical - chain transformations.
In addition it was
were developed a box chemical model of tropospheric clouds, with taking into
account of reactions of iron ions that allowed to reveal such features of
liquid-phase oxidation of sulfur in real atmospheric conditions as initiation
of the reaction by fluxes of radicals ÎÍ/ÍÎ2 from
outside, absorption UV radiation and some others. It has been found, that in
day time the iron ions in liqued phase provide fast conversion seized from a
gas phase chemically inert radicals ÍÎ2 in the very active ion - radical SO5-.
The result of this conversion appears sharp (»103 times)
acceleration of the reaction in the atmosphere in comparison with that in
laboratory conditionshis that results in growth of the rate of the atmospheric
self-purificationof. The results mentioned above are presented in [1-13].
In connection with observable anomalies of ozone
concentration in coastal sea zones for the first time in laboratory
experiments (with use of a method of ESR with matrix isolation and mass - spectrometry) studies were carried out for the uptake
of NO2, ClNO3 and NO3 radicals on crystallites
such as NaCl, NaBr, MgCl2×6H2O
and NaCl doped with MgCl2×6H2O
crystalline hydrate under conditions of varying humidity and of reactant
concentrations ranging between 1010 and 1014 cm-3. Based on experimental dependences
obtained and an analysis of literature data, a model representation of the
uptake initial step is proposed. The main outcome of the model is an analytical
representation of the uptake probability in terms of some elementary parameters
and the rate coefficients of elementary processes that determine the reversible
adsorption and the elementary heterogeneous reactions. Based on a handling of experimental data
by the proposed model, some elementary rate coefficients were evaluated, i.e.
the desorption rate coefficients and the adsorption heats, the rate
coefficients of elementary heterogeneous reactions and their activation
energies. The model representation allows us to extrapolate the laboratory data
to real tropospheric conditions.
Results of these works are presented in [14-18].
The aerosol particles can not only give rise to
ozonedepleting substances (as it was shown in [14-18]), but also can promote preservation
of ozone layer through destraction of fluorine-, chlorine containing substances. It has been shown in [19] that the substances are destructive photosorbed on MgO, that
confirms a hypothesis about the contribution of photoprocesses on the MgO surface into destruction halogenated carbohydrates in the troposphere.
It is known, that the charged particles
can serve as nuclei of condensation under formation of aerosol particles. In this
connection in [20, 21] the influence of cosmic radiation and highenergy protons on optical
properties of the low atmosphere
of middle and high
latitudes caused
by ionization under action of
these factors has been investigated.
Connection between processes of aerosol and ozone
formation in the
low troposphere and solar activity has been analysed in [22].
In work [23] are summarized of systematic
researches of a matrix of distribution of light by atmospheric air, which have
allowed to establish principles of temporary variability of the optical and
microphysical characteristics of àerosol, to
develop optical and microphysical models of aerosol, that has allowed to estimate radiation effects of these particles.
In conclusion of this part we shall note
interesting results about influence of orographic effects
on the ozone content
in the troposphere and
stratosphere
[24], and on the estimations of the contribution of lightnings in the formation of ozone and odd nitrogen in the troposphere [25].
2. Chemistry
of ozone layer
and reasons of its
change
In this field the study of chemical reactions halogenous cycles of stratospheric ozone depletion has been proceeded.
The significant attention was given to less investigated iodine cycle. In this connection it is possible to specify
works, in which the rate constants
of the reactions
of IO radicals with ozone [26], with H2S, (CH3)2S and SO2 [27] and with radicals ClO [28] were measured, and also work [29], where the results of
long-term research of atmospheric reactions of iodine containing components in the Institute of energy problems of chemical
physics RAS were presented.
The influence of the antropogeneous factors on both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone and the temperature of these
areas was investigated in [30, 31], and influence of
the natural factor - variations of solar radiation in 21 and 22 solar cycles -
on the ozone content
- in the work of
the same authors [32]. The
influence of other natural factors on îçîíîâûé a layer was analyzed in [33, 34].
The analysis of ozonospheric processes is carried out mainly with the
help of atmospheric models of various
complexity, that we shall
discuss later. At the same time there are more simple methods and approaches, which
can be used in the same purposes. So, in [35] the simple empirical method of an
estimation of relative influence antropogeneous and natural factors on ozone layer was suggested. The method is based on the found before
correlation of interannual anomalies of the total ozone contents with changes in the stratospheric
moment of impulse and consists in construction of linear regression of these
characteristics.
In [36] with the help of the four scenario of
antropogeneous gases emissions over 2000-2100 (À1, À2, Â1, Â2), developed by the Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate Change, and one-dimensional
photochemical model of the
middle atmosphere an increase in
total ozone content for
spring-summer months (March - August) has been estimated. It has been shown that the relative
increase of the total
ozone in 2000-2100 in
comparison with 1990 can make from + 3,8 % (Â1) up to + 13,1 % (À2)
and appropriate reduction of intensity of biologically important UV-B radiation (wavelength range of 285-315 nm) makes from -5,0 % up
to -15,9%. In view of rcovery
of ozone layer in
XXI century
designed in assumption, that regulations of the Montreal protocol and its amendments will be
carried out, the total relative change
in atmospheric ozone in XXI
century can make from + 9,2 % up to + 18,8 %, and appropriate reduction in intensity of UV-B radiation - from -11,6 % up to
-21,9 %.
In conclusion of this part we shall underline, that in
the Russian scientific literature during last years the rather sharp discussion
about the reasons of ozone depletion continued. New "arguments" for the benefit of
the natural factors have appeared, and the authors of some works even try to
prove indemonstrable - that Antarctic ozone hole has natural origin.
The part of such works is critically
analyzed in [37], and
others - in site http: //
iklarin.narod.ru.
3. Chemistry of urban areas
The chemistry of urban areas represents an
extremely complicated complex
of physico-chemical
interactions of the large number of various chemical compounds in gas, liquid and solid phases, which are emitted out in the atmosphere by
transport, industrial enterprises and other objects of municipal economy. To
understand consequences of such powerful antropogeneous influence on
environment it is necessary to use mathematical models,
which take into account first of all chemistry of the urban atmosphere. Let's specify in this
connection two works, which answer this requirement. In [38] for the first time an inclusion
of mathematical model in the
geoinformation system has
been is realized, that has allowed to solve a problem of the most complete
information maintenance of model and its adaptation to simulated object (for conditions of Àlìàty). In [39] the
empirical model of interaction of polluting antropogeneous pollutants of variuos origin is described, constructed on the basis of results of
the mutual correlation analysis of long temporary series of concentration of aerosol, carbon oxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide and other compounds with taking into account of måtåîparameters.
For development of the urban environment protection
measures against antropogenic influence it is important to estimate a measure
of this influence. So, in [40] the antropogeneous constituent of a daily
variability of both gas and aerosol concentrations is investigated; in
[41] the
sources of emissions in the
atmosphere benzpyrene and
others polycyclic aromatic carbohydrates in industrial regions near lake Baikal are established and
the dependence of intensity of the
sources on fuel-energy technology, aluminium, building,
petrochemical manufactures; in [42] the
basic specific substances, emitted
in the atmosphere
by sources of an aluminium factory are considered.
Aerosol particles are the most typical pollutant of urban
area. This question
is considered in [43-45], and in the last work the influence of antropogeneous àerosol on health is analysed.
In conclusion of this part we mention a work [46],
where on the data long-term (1980-1999 ã.ã.)
measurements of Meteorological
observatory of the Moscow
State University the temporary variability of atmospheric precipitation
acidity ðÍ is investigated; it has been shown, that there is an essential
distinction in pH of rains
and snow: in the warm period precipitation is more acid (average ðÍ = 4,7) than in cold (ðÍ = 5,7), and essential change in precipitation acidity in Moscow for these years is not observed.
4. Chemistry of climate and its change
The role of chemistry in climate change is determined by
that the atmospheric content of greenhouse gases (such, as Î3, CH4, chlorofluorohydrocarbons and some others), and also content of aerosol particles
is appreciably controled
by atmospheric chemical and photochemical processes. On calculations of climatic effects
with the help of mathematical models which are taking into account atmospheric
chemistry, the "chemical"
contribution remains unnoticed, because it does not calculated specially. At
the same time analysis of this question seems to be very important by many
reasons. In this connection we shall mark a work [47], in which the role of
atmospheric chemical processes in climate change has been analyzed. In this
work with help of photochemical model of the middle atmosphere, developed in
the Institute of energy problems of chemical physics RAS, the direct and
indirect effects caused by both a depletion and recovery of the stratospheric
ozone, by increase in
tropospheric ozone, and also additional increase in concentration of methane, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons have been estimated. In the work four scenario of emission of greenhouse and other
antropogeneous gases in 2000-2100, developed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
have been used and for each scenario the relative total
contribution of chemical processes in global warming in XXI century have been estimated. The forecast of
change in global everage surface
temperature in 2000-2100 with
taking account the mentioned above chemical effects has been done in [48].
Reliability of the climatic forecast and maximum
complete account of all climatic factors, including atmospheric chemistry,
become today especially important in connection with a problem of expected global warming under action of antropogeneous
factors. The role of these
factors is considered in [31, 49-51].
The important indication of a possible global warming is the measurements of temperature trend. In this respect works [52-54] are especially interesting, because they information on negative
trend of
temperature at altitudes of
25-110 kms in the period 1955-1995,
which makes 0,1- 0,9 K/yr for
different layers in the specified range of heights.
In conclusion of this part we shall mention a work
[55], where results of investigation of global climate in a context of the
reports IPCC-2001 and National Academy of Sciences of
5. Atmospheric monitoring
From numerous and various results of atmospheric
monitoring received for last four years, we first of all note results of works
under the long-term programs. One of them is the project "Aerosols of
Siberia", begun in 1991. During its performance the ground-based system of
monitoring of atmospheric aerosols covering
Other large project is the international one
"Troica", started in 1995. During performance of this project the near
surface concentrations of O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, CH4, SF6 and some VOCs were measured in continental
areas of
Large volume in-situ measurements has been done in Central Aerologic Observatory (CÀÎ, Dolgoprudnyi,
Besides a regular in-sity measurements of atmospheric
components have been proceeded at a number of Russian stations of monitoring -
Siberian Lidar Station [71- 73],
scientific station in Dolgoprudnyi
[74],
station in Voeikovo(near St.-Petersburg) [75],
station at lake Issyk
Kul' [76],
station of Atmospheric
Physics Institute of RAS in Zvenigorod
(near Moscow)
[77, 78], station in
southeast part of lake Baikal [79] and station in
area of Tomsk [80].
In conclusion of this part we mention work [81], in
which the anomalies and trends of the ozone content in 1979-1992 have been analysed.
6. Mathematical modeling of atmospheric processes
Last years in
In Central Aerologic Observatory the photochemical trajectory model for the low stratosphere has been created [82], which allow us to use in
calculations thousand back
(in time)
trajectories for initial coordinates with account of chemical transformations
for each trajectory. With help of this model, in particular, evolution of the ozone active components along trajectories having a place in
Arctic Region and Antarctic Region has been calculated that has allowed us to advance in understanding of stratospheric ozone depletion mechanisms
in spring time in these
areas.
In Hydromet of
Other achievements in the field of modeling are
presented in works [85-89].
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Fast, A. Gamma, M. Gil, E. KyrM-v, Z. Litynska, I. S. Mikkelsen, M. Molyneux,
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APPENDIX I
NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN ATMOSPHERIC
CEMICAL SYSTEM
A.K. Feigin
Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Institute of Applied Physics RAS
The nonlinear dynamical properties of
the Polar Lower Stratospheric Photo-Chemical System (PLS PCS) and the
Mesospheric Photo-Chemical System (MPCS) have been investigated under actual
atmospheric conditions [1-5, 8].
The sequence of bifurcations of PLS
PCS, as demonstrated in [1,8], occurs during Antarctic late winter and spring
and influences on ozone layer evolution. Changes of characteristics of the bifurcations
due to increasing inorganic chlorine abundance seem to be a reason, as
motivated in [1,8], of abrupt development of Antarctic ozone hole in the
mid-1980s. Future changes of these characteristics due to changes of other
control parameters of PLS PCS can influence significantly on process of the
ozone hole recovering [8]. The mechanisms of nonlinear behavior of mesospheric
photochemistry were investigated [5]. The dependence of nonlinear dynamical
properties of the MPCS on the vertical eddy diffusion rate may be a reason, as
shown in [4,8], of summer amplifying of quasi-two-day wave observed in the
mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The novel approach to construction of the
mathematical models of atmospheric systems that demonstrate complex dynamic
behavior has been developed [6,7]. The approach is based on the nonlinear
dynamical analysis of time series generated by the system under investigation.
The novel neural network based method for studying nonlinear relationships
between observed characteristics of the atmosphere has been developed [9-10].
1.
I.B.Konovalov,
A.M.Feigin and A.Y.Mukhina, “Toward an understanding of the nonlinear nature of
atmospheric photochemistry: Multiple equilibrium states in the high-latitude
lower stratospheric photochemical system”, J. Geophys. Res., 1999, v.104, n.D3,
p.3,669-3,689.
2.
G.Sonnemann and A.M.Feigin.
Nonlinear behavior of a reaction-diffusion system of the chemistry within the
mesopause region. Phys. Rev. E, 1999, v.59, n.2-A, p.1719-1726.
3.
G.R.Sonnemann and A.M.Feigin.
Nonlinear response of the upper mesospheric photochemical system under action
of diffusion. Adv. Space Res., 1999, v.24, n.5, p.557-560.
4.
G.R.Sonnemann, A.M.Feigin
and Y.I.Molkov. On the influence of diffusion upon the nonlinear behavior of
the photochemistry of the mesopause region. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, v.104,
n.D23, p.30,591-30,603.
5.
I.B.Konovalov
and A.M.Feigin, “Towards an understanding of the non-linear nature of
atmospheric photochemistry: origin of the complicated dynamic behavior of the
mesospheric photochemical system”, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2000,
v.7, n.1, p.87-104.
6.
A.M.Feigin, Y.I.Molkov,
D.N.Mukhin and E.M.Loskutov, “Prognosis of qualitative behavior of a dynamic
system by the observed chaotic time series”, Radiophysics and Quantum
Electronics, 2001, v.44, n.5-6, p.348-367.
7.
A.M.Feigin, Y.I.Molkov,
D.N.Mukhin and E.M.Loskutov, “Investigation of Nonlinear Dynamical Properties
by the Observed Complex Behaviour as a Basis for Construction of the Dynamical
Models of Atmospheric Photochemical Systems”, Faraday Discussion, 2002, v.120,
p.105-123.
8.
A.M.Feigin,
“Nonlinear dynamic models of atmospheric photochemical systems: methods for
construction and analysis (Review)”, News of Russian Academy of Sciences:
Physics of Atmosphere and Ocean, 2002, v.38, n.5, p.581-628 (in Russian).
9.
.I.B.Konovalov, “Application
of neural networks to studying nonlinear relationships between ozone and its
precursors”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002, v.107, n.D11, p.ACH 8-1 ─
ACH 8-14.
10. I.B. Konovalov, “Nonlinear relationships between atmospheric aerosol and
its gaseous precursors: Analysis of long-term air quality monitoring data by
means of neural networks”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2003,
v.3, p.835-866.
APPENDIX II
PHOTOCHEMICAL
MODELING
I.L. Karol
Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory,
Karbyshev 7,
St.Petersburg,
- The response of
atmospheric chemistry to aircrafts emissions have been investigated using photochemical
modeling for different situations and seasons:
I.L. Karol, A.A. Kiselev, Y.E. Ozolin, E.V. Rozanov,
Plume Transformation Index (PTI) of the Subsonic Aircraft Exhausts and Their
Dependence on the External Conditions. Geophysical Research Letters, 2000, v.
27, ¹ 3, pp. 373-376.
2. The evolution of radioactive active gases and its
influence on hydrogen radicals have been studied using photochemical model
simulations for the period 1850-2050:
A.A. Kiselev, I.L. Karol Modeling of the tropospheric carbon monoxide distribution in the northern temperate belt. Chemosphere: Global Change Science, 1999, v. 1, ¹ 3, pp. 283-300.
A.A. Kiselev, I.L. Karol Model study of tropospheric
composition response to the NOx and CO pollution. Environmental
Modelling and Software, 2000, v. 15, ¹ 6-7, pp. 585-590.
A.A. Kiselev, I.L. Karol Modeling
of the long term tropospheric trends of hydroxyl radical for the
A.A. Kiselev, I.L. Karol The ratio between nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide total emissions as precursors of tropospheric hydroxyl content evolution. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, v. 36, pp. 5971-5981.
3. 3D developed photochemical transport model was used to describe the transport of methane:
Zubov, V.A.,
E.V.
Rozanov E.V.
Reconstruction of the methane fluxes from the west
Jagovkina S., Karol I., Zubov V., Lagun V., Reshetnikov A., Rozanov E.
Reconstruction of the Methane Fluxes from the West Siberia Gas Fields by the 3D
Regional Chemical Transport Model. Air, Water and Soil Pollutions. Focus 1, 2001, ðð. 429-436.
Additional References
Dvortsov
V.L., M.Geller, V.Yudin, S.Smyshlyaev, Parameterization of the convective
transport in a 2-D chemistry-transport model and its validation with Radon222
and other tracer simulations. J.Geophys.Res.,
103, 22047-22062,1998.
Geller
M.A., and Smyshlyaev S.P, A Model Study of Total Ozone Evolution 1979-2000 –
The Role of Individual Natural and Anthropogenic Effects. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(22), 2048, doi:10.1029/2002GL015689, 2002.
Smyshlyaev
S.P., V.Dvortsov, M.Geller, V.Yudin: A two-dimensional model with input parameters
from a GCM: Ozone sensitivity to different formulations for the longitudinal
temperature variation. J. Geophys. Res.,
103, 28373-28387,1998.
Smyshlyaev
S.P., M.A.Geller and V.A.Yudin, Sensitivity of model assessments of HSCT
effects on stratospheric ozone resulting from uncertaintes in the NOx
production from lightning. J. Geophys.
Res., 104, 26,401-26,418, 1999.
de Zafra,
R. and S.Smyshlyaev. On the formation of HNO3 in the Antarctic
mid-to-upper stratosphere in winter. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23115-23125, 2001.
Smyshlyaev
S.P., and M.A.Geller, Analysis of SAGE II observations using data assimilation
by SUNY-SPB two-dimensional model and comparison to TOMS data, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32327-32336, 2001.
Yudin, V.
A., S. P. Smyshlyaev, M. A. Geller, and V. Dvortsov, Transport diagnostics of GCMs and implications for 2-D
chemistry-transport model of troposphere and stratosphere. J.
Atmos. Sci., 57, 673-699,
2000.
ATMOSPHERIC
ELECTRICITY
V.N. Stasenko
Russian Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring
B. Predtechensky 7,
Atmospheric electricity problem in the field of operative practice has been transformed during last few years from global aspects of fair weather electricity, atmospheric potential gradient to thunderstorm electricity including lightning detection networks, modeling of cloud electrization processes, investigation of cloud microphysics, dynamics and electricity interrelations and development of thundercloud modification methods.
1.
The number of theoretical works deals
with non-stationary electric processes resulted from thunderstorm interaction
with atmosphere and boundary layer as well [15,21]. The influence of the
varying cloud charge structures on electric fields in atmosphere taking into
account cloud boundary – atmosphere conductivity step-wise variations is
investigated in [4,11,18]. Calculation of electric fields in the upper
atmosphere able to initiate lightning discharges from cloud top to ionosphere
is an important application of this investigation, it was published [9,22] and
reported to the International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity [23,24].
Influence of height profiles on electric conductivity of the atmosphere on distribution of cloud stationary electric field is considered in [6]. This result is important for the global electric circuit modeling and outlines important role the height profile of electric conductivity plays in estimation of electric current flowing to the upper atmosphere.
2. Thunderstorm investigation by means of diverse methods expands and demonstrates a potential for severe storm moderation when cloud modification technologies will apply. Different experimental techniques are developed [2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 29] and various cloud seeding methods, for example, by means of aircraft, can be realized to alter cloud electric activity [2]. Artificial triggering of lightning flash (LF) generates a growing interest as the method for improving of lightning safety. Lidars as tool for artificial lightning need a preliminary investigation of cloud time and space windows for lightning triggering to be successful. Results of multi wave active-passive sounding of thunderstorms and numerical modeling show promise for such a targeting procedure [17, 20].
Possible mechanisms of convective cloud contact electrization are considered [7, 16, 17, 19]. Numerical model of convection based on a detailed microphysics with cloud particles size and mass distributions is available [16]. The necessity of implementation of aircraft measurements to the cloud models noticed in [19].
3. Thunderstorm modification techniques by means of glaciogenic agents delivered by anti-hail rockets and shells are developed. Physical and statistical analysis of experimental data revealed most informative characteristics of lightning activity can be used to assess the effectiveness of thunder- and hail-cloud seeding [30]. Criteria for glaciogenic agent efficiency evaluation and overall cloud seeding effect as well were developed for operative use. Positive effect of cloud treatment has been observed during pre-thunderstorm cloud stage. Mass glaciogenic seeding alters significantly intensity of lightning activity (number of flashes per minute), spectral properties of cloud EM emission, stroke current wave steepness, electric charge amount neutralized by LF, and pulse-time sequence from non-lightning processes in a cloud. Ns type clouds upon a certain weather conditions when seeded can produce electric discharges too. Some of thunderstorm characteristics detected remotely can be used for hailstorm monitoring and hail suppression effect evaluation.
4. In the field of thunderstorm detection use test of lighting sensors of different design is underway [13]. The sensors’ data on lightning flash location and time and space sequence indicate reliably thunderstorm evolution. Distributions of thunderstorm event duration, flash rate and total flash amount generated during convective cell lifetime, and regression equations for these characteristics listed in [32].
Time dependence of LF EM emission of VHF band, radar return signals and fast variations of electric field strength in thunderclouds were measured [30]. The effect of range, type and time-space structure of LF, thunderstorm intensity and stage of cloud development on the above characteristics was investigated.
Technique for electric charge amount evaluation, which is neutralized by LF of different type, has been developed based on the use of radio means. Statistical distributions of stroke peak currents and charge amounts neutralized by LF were obtained too. Total amount of electric charge generated during the life cycle of convective cell, considering an average rate of charge generation, estimated in [33].
5. Rocket electrostatic flux meter able to measure three orthogonal components of field strength inside of thundercloud within the range of 5.10-8 – 10-6 V/m with 10% accuracy and noise-to-signal ration 0,01, density of the noise current within the range of 5.10-9 – 10-6 A/m2 when cloud droplets affect the sensor’s electrodes and rocket sensor total charge within the range of 5.10-8 – 5.10-6 C as well has been reduced to practice [31].
6. Thunderstorm rocket sounding indicates average field strength of 1 – 2.105 V/m in active thunderstorms with upper limits of 106 V/m. Hail containing clouds revealed 7.105 V/m. Design of electrostatic flux meter with electrodes of special shape minimizes noise current influence caused by the impact of charged droplets [34].
7.
Theoretical and experimental
linkage among elements of atmospheric electricity and atmospheric aerosols
(pollutants) analyzed in [1,3,5]. Results of atmospheric electricity measurements
in
8. Based on field strength measurements near the ground , search of meteorological factors responsible for health worsening of cardiological patients when weather changes revealed that it isn’t pressure variation alone but the weather as a whole causes worsening in the general physical and mental state of people. The data on electric field of the atmosphere can be used as one of the predictors of health state weakening upon weather alternation [25, 26, 27, 28].
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Intern. Conf. on Nucleation and atmospheric aerosols,
32.
Adjiev A.H Climatological and physical and statistical
thunderstorm characteristics in
33.
Adjiev A.H., Kalov R.H, Sizazev S.M. Thunderstorm
development in convective cells. Trudi VGI, v. 91, 2001, v. 91, pp. 90-99 (in
Russian).
34.
Adjiev A.H, Vakalov I.A. Air conductivity measurement
device. Svidetelstvo
na izobretenie ¹ 174979, 1997 (in Russian).
APPENDIX
ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRODYNAMICS
E.A. Mareev
Institute
of Applied Physics,
Russian
Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod,
1. Among the classical problems of
atmospheric physics a search for universal spectra of atmospheric field
pulsations like the Kolmogorov spectra of temperature and wind velocity,
and analysis of coherent structures, are of particular importance. Recent
studies of short period electric-field pulsations gave evidence for universal
spectra of electric field fluctuations and aero-electric structures in the
atmosphere.
1a. Short-term (Df @
Anisimov S.V. and
Mareev E.A., Pulsation spectra of electrical field of the near-surface atmosphere,
Doklady RAS, 381, ¹1, 1-5, 2001.
Anisimov,
S.V., E. A. Mareev, N. M. Shikhova and
E. M. Dmitriev, Mechanisms for the formation of electric field
pulsation spectra in the near-surface atmosphere, Radiophysics and Quantum
Electronics, vol. 44, pp. 562-579, 2001.
Anisimov, S.V.,
E. A. Mareev, N. M. Shikhova and E. M. Dmitriev,
Universal spectra of electric field pulsations in the atmosphere, Geophys.
Res. Letters, V.29, ¹24, 2217, doi:10.1029/2002GL015765, 2002.
1b. The
detection of aeroelectrical structures (AESs), accompanying usually time
intervals of the most intensive atmospheric turbulence and fog condition, put
forward the problem of relationship between the AESs and spectra formation.
Remote sensing of aeroelectric pulsations with a changeable inter-sensor
distance allowed us to study the relation between the power indexes of structure functions and spectra decay slopes for
respective aeroelectric structures. Approximation
of the latter by linear function aS = aD + Ñ has revealed aS10 = aD10 +
1,85 and aS3 = aD3 + 1,79 for the 10-m (energy-supply) and 3-m sub-ranges of the inertial interval
of aeroelectrical turbulence.
Anisimov, S.V.,
E. A. Mareev and S. S. Bakastov, On the generation and
evolution of aeroelectric structures in the surface layer, J. Geophys. Res.,
vol. 104, D12, pp. 14359-14367, 1999.
Anisimov S.V. and
Mareev E.A., Aeroelectrical structures in the atmosphere, Doklady RAS,
371, ¹1, 101-104, 2000.
Anisimov,
S.V., E. A. Mareev, and N. M. Shikhova, Sructures and
spectra of turbulent pulsations of electric field in the atmosphere, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity,
Versailles, France, 279-282, 2003.
2. The electrical properties of the fog have been described in detail on
the basis of aero-electrical observations and theoretical modeling. Fog is
shown to increase the intensity of electric field pulsations by more than an
order of magnitude. Nevertheless, in the majority of observations, the exponent
of the spectrum does not differ drastically from the spectrum exponents typical
for fair-weather conditions. The results of structure–time analysis offer the
possibility of specifying two types of electrical states of fog: one is
characterized by aero-electric structure generation, and another one, by
chaotic structure–time variations. Possible mechanisms of electric-field
profiles and spectra formation were considered with allowance for fog-particle
charging, neutral gas turbulence and aero-electric structures in the fog.
Anisimov, S. V., Mareev
E.A., Sorokin A.E., Shikhova N.M. and. Dmitriev E. M,
Electrodynamical properties of the fog, Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic
Physics, vol. 39, N1, p. 58-73, 2003.
Sorokin, A.E., Anisimov S.V.,
Mareev E.A., Horizontal long-wire antenna as a fog electrical properties
analyzer, in Proc. îf Conference în fog and fog collection. St.John's,
Anisimov, S. V., Mareev
E.A., Shikhova N.M., Sorokin A.E., and Dmitriev E. M, Electrodynamic
of the fog, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric
Electricity, Versailles, France, p. 411-414, 2003.
3. A complex of research on the global electric circuit has been
carried out.
3a. Extensive database obtained after long-term ground-based
aero-electrical and magnetic measurements at the Geophysical Observatory
“Borok”, enables a unique insight into the
main components of the global electric circuit and their interconnection from
the middle-latitude observation point. Analysis of atmospheric electric
field allows us to represent the global electric circuit as an aggregation of structures
with different spatio-temporal scales. These structures are generated by
troposphere and space sources of quasi-DC electric field. The energy and
evolution of such structures are defined by efficiency of origins and physical
property of weakly ionized quasi-neutral atmosphere with inhomogeneous
electrical conductivity in the external magnetic field.
Anisimov S.V., The global
electric circuit and lower atmospheric electricity, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, France,
2003, pp. 693-696.
Anisimov S.V., Dmitriev E.M.,
Anisimova E.B., Sychev A.N., The database of Geophysical observatory
"Borok", Herald of the DGGGMS RAS, #4(19), 2001, URL: http://www.scgis.ru/russian/cp1251/h_dgggms/4-2001/anisimov.htm#begin
Anisimov S.V., Mareev E.A.,
Fine structure of the global electric circuit, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, France,
2003, pp. 781-784.
3b. The global electric
circuit has been represented as a hierarchy of multi-scale dissipative systems
with the atmospheric part of the circuit to be a thermodynamically open system
driven by the external sources of energy. Estimates for the energy input into
the large-scale field growth, fine structure generation and micro-scale
electric field perturbations, as well as for the dissipation rate were carried
out. The estimate of the electrostatic energy growth rate for a thunderstorm
cell has been performed in the framework of the diffusion equation for the
electric field in the thundercloud. Mechanisms of dissipative instabilities
leading to structure generation were suggested.
Mareev E.A., Anisimov S.V., Global electric
circuit as an open dissipative system, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, France,
2003, pp. 797-800.
Mareev
E.A., A.E. Sorokin, Autowave regimes of a thunderstorm electrification, Radiophys.
Quantum Electr., 39, N1-2. P.797-814, 2001.
Davydenko S.S., Mareev E.A.,
Marshall T.C., Stolzenburg M., On the calculation of electric fields and
currents of mesoscale convective systems and their influence on the global
electric circuit, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric
Electricity, Versailles, France, 2003, pp. 697-700.
Davydenko S.S., Mareev E.A., Marshall T.C., Stolzenburg M., Calculation of electric fields and currents of mesoscale convective systems and their influence on the global electric circuit, J. Geophys. Res., submitted.
3c. A new source of atmospheric electricity - planetary electric generator, caused by the non-rigid rotation of the magnetized planet and its plasma envelope, has been suggested and investigated. This mechanism provides a difference of the electric potential between the ground and ionosphere about 90 kV and thus can play a significant role in the global electric circuit. An influence of the altitude and latitude variations of the atmospheric conductivity on the electric field and current density distributions in the lower atmosphere were analyzed. The electric field and current density in the lower atmosphere as calculated in the framework of the planetary electric generator model are of the order of the observed values in the fair weather regions of the terrestrial atmosphere.
P.A. Bespalov, Yu.V. Chugunov, and S.S. Davydenko, Planetary electric generator under fair-weather conditions with altitude-dependent atmospheric conductivity, J.Atm. Terr.Phys., 1996, v.58, N5, 605-611.
P.A. Bespalov, and S.S. Davydenko, On the manifestation of the latitudinal variation of atmospheric conductivity in the electric field and current distributions in the global circuit, Geomagnetizm I aeroniomiya, 2000, vol.40, No.2, p.71-77.
À.Î. Soldatkin, and Yu.V.Chugunov, Stationary axially symmetric structures of weakly ionized plasma in the field of the rotating magnetized sphere, Plasma Phys. Rep., 2003, v.29, No.1, p.72-84.
4. Fine structure of electric field in thunderstorm clouds and
lightning inception.
4a.
Several electric field soundings through strat-form clouds and convective
regions of a mid-latitude mesoscale convective system, made with balloon-borne
electric field meters and radiosondes, have been examined. All these soundings
demonstrate the presence of fine structures in the electric field distribution,
with characteristic spatial scales of irregularities ranging from hundreds to
tens of meters. Fourier analyses of the measured in-cloud electric fields give
power-law spectra with the spectral index close to –2. Our theoretical studies
to date have shown that a thundercloud has the ability of self-organization
manifested as small-scale electrical stratification. As a result,
electric cells are generated, which is of particular interest for understanding
intra-cloud, cloud-to-ground and high-altitude discharge inception.
Mareev E.A., Sorokin A.E.,
Iudin D.I., Trakhtengerts V.Yu., Marshall T.C., Stolzenburg M., Fine structure of thunderstorm electric field: spectra from
soundings and significance for charge generation mechanisms, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity,
Mareev E.A., A.E.
Sorokin, and V.Yu. Trakhtengerts, Effects of collective charging in a
multiflow aerosol plasma, Plasma Physics Reports, 25, N3, 289-300, 1999.
4b.
A very important feature of the process of electric cell generation is that the
electric field in these cells may exceed the mean field value substantially,
reaching locally the critical breakdown field. The breakdown inside such a cell
initiates breakdown in neighbouring cells, forming a widely branched
nonstationary conducting network, occupied the full volume of the cloud. This
network can be defined as a “drainage” system of the macroscopic space charge
gathering in the cloud. The fractal approach to the quantitative description of
this drainage system has been elaborated.
Iudin
D.I., Trakhtengerts V.Yu., Grigoriev A.N., Hayakawa M., Electric charge fractal
transport and electromagnetic high-frequency radiation on the lightning
dicharge preliminary stage, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, France,
2003, pp. 605-608.
Iudin D.I., Trakhtengerts V.Yu., Fractal dynamics of
electric charge in a thunderstorm cloud, Izv. RAN, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, V.36, N5, p. 317,
2000.
Iudin
D.I., Trakhtengerts V.Yu., Hayakawa M., Fractal dynamics of electric discharges
in a thundercloud, Phys. Rev. E, 2003, accepted.
5.
One of important aspects of atmospheric electrodynamics is nowadays the studies
of runaway electron mechanism in the lightning initiation, generation of
energetic particles, X-ray and gamma-ray emissions connected to the discharge
processes in the atmosphere.
Gurevich A.V. and K.P. Zybin
Runaway breakdown and electric discharges in thunderstorms (review). Uspekhi
Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 171, N11, 2001, pp. 1177-1199.
Gurevich A.V., L.M. Duncan,
Yu.V. Medvedev and K.P. Zybin, Radio emission due to simultaneous effect of
runaway breakdown and extensive atmospheric showers, Physics letters, A 301,
2002, pp. 320-326.
6. A new quasi-electrostatic model of high altitude electric field generation due to the lightning - induced change of a thundercloud electric structure is presented. The key point of the model is the assumption that a highly conducting channel arises due to a cloud - to - ground discharge, which brings the ground potential to a region near the cloud bottom soon after the discharge initiation. Substantial increase in the electric field strength above the thundercloud at this moment is found. A horizontal extension of the lightning channel is taken into account in the framework of the bi-directional model of the channel propagation. This geometry provides a substantially bigger electric field perturbation than the simplest geometry of the vertical lightning channel does.
Smirnova E.I., Mareev E.A. and Chugunov Yu.V., Modeling of electric
field transitional processes, Geophys.
Res. Lett., V.27, N23, p.3833-3836,
2000.
7. The problem of large-scale quasi-stationary electric field and space
charge generation in the moving weakly ionised medium (electric dynamo) is of
fundamental significance for atmospheric electricity, as well as for dusty
plasmas. Electric dynamo due to random motion of a medium is of particular
interest with respect to numerous applications especially to thunderstorm
clouds. General criteria for large-scale electric field generation in a
continuous conducting medium have been formulated. The present focus of the
theory is the turbulent electric dynamo in multi-component multi-flow systems
and its application to thunderstorm electrification problem. Theory is based on
the calculation of turbulent convective current and its further account in the
large-scale evolution equations. Inductive and non-inductive charging
mechanisms are taken into account. It is turned out that for inductive
mechanism quasi-stationary aerodynamic turbulence might support large-scale
charge separation. Estimations have been performed for a thunderstorm cloud
conditions when Kolmogorov spectrum for turbulence is valid. These results were
drawn for the explanation of large electric field strength in thunderstorm
cells with high level of turbulence.
Mareev E.A. and
V.Yu.Trakhtengerts, On the problem of electric dynamo, Radiophysics and
Quantum Electronics, 39, N6, p. 797-814, 1996
Mareev E.A. and G.F.Sarafanov,
On spatial structures formation in dusty plasmas, Physics of Plasmas, 5,
N5, p. 1563-1565, 1998
Mareev, E.A., Turbulent electric dynamo in thunderstorm clouds,
Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity,
ATMOSPHERIC
OZONE
N.F.
Elansky
A.M. Obukhov Institute of
Atmospheric Physics of the
3
Pyzhevsky,
Observations and data
analysis
Over 2000-2001, regular monitoring of the total ozone content (TOC) have been continued at 27 ozonometric stations of the Rosgidromet (Russian Hydrometeorological Department). The Scientific Center of Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere (SCRSA) representing a branch of the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) provided engineering, metrological, and technical means for the measurements. Members of the SCRSA modernized the M-124 ozonometers being now in operation at the stations. A system of routine prompt inspection of the adequacy of the values measured at the stations was developed.
To supply the ozonometric stations with modern
instrumentation, members of the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO), the
State Institute of Optics, and the Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics
designed and manufactured in 2001 the pilot UV-spectrophotometer intended for
measurements of the TOC, UV spectra, aerosol optical density, and so on
[Shalamyanskii et al., 2002]. The spectrophotometer is supplied with the
polychromator representing the diffraction grating allowing an analysis of
radiation in the spectral range from 230 to 420 nm with a resolution of 0.8 nm.
The instrument is automated; it is intended for long-term operation under
different meteorological conditions. In 2002, principal characteristics of the
instrument were studied and field measurements were performed in Voeikovo (the
suburb of
The CAO performs daily monitoring of the TOC
over
The scientific stations
located at Kislovodsk,
The Kislovodsk high-mountain
station (KHMS) located at a height of 2070 m above sea level has performed the
ozone concentration measurements for the most long-term period (since March
1989) with a Dasibi-1008 AH gas analyzer. This instrument automatically
introduces corrections for the pressure and temperature variations. It is
characterized by a sensitivity of 1 ppbv, an absolute measurement error of 1-2 ppbv, and an inspection interval of 10 s. At regular
intervals, the instrument is checked against the Dasibi-1008 AH and Dasibi-1008
RS gas analyzers installed at other stations of the Oboukhov Institute of
Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) and at the mobile
laboratory used for the International TROICA experiments [Crutzen, Golitsyn, et
al. 1996; Elansky, Markova, 1999]. The gas analyzers have been occasionally
calibrated against the ozone generator built into the Dasibi-1008 RS instrument
and against the GP-024 ozone generator. In 2002, the instrument installed at
the KHMS was calibrated against the mobile standard no. 014. On the whole, the
ozone variations over the KHMS are noticeably weaker than those over the other
European high-mountain stations are. The character of the daily and seasonal
ozone variations changes from year to year almost not at all. The surface ozone
measurements performed simultaneously at the KHMS and at the Kislovodsk station
located in the
The
KHMS is an important component of the system of global surface ozone
monitoring. The region of its location is characterized by a stable climate, by
low activity of natural and anthropogenic sources of ozone precursors, and by
weak uphill-downhill
atmospheric circulation. The upward transport of pollutants in this region is
not intensive. As a consequence, the KHMS differs from the ozonometric stations
located in this latitudinal belt by smallness of the ozone seasonal variations,
by a stable
The KHMS identified a significant
negative trend in the ozone concentration (-1.75±0.40%
per year), which was not identified by the Alpine stations over the period of
observations. At night (from
The IAP RAS and the Max Planck Institute of
Chemistry (
To monitor the minor gaseous
and aerosol components in the atmospheric surface layer, a set of computerized
instrumentation was designed. It includes measuring devices for Î3, NO, NO2,
CH4, CO, CO2, and unsaturated organic substances, for
aerosol concentration and microphysical and chemical properties, and for
temperature profile in the layer 0-600 m, solar radiation, and meteorological and other
parameters.
The characteristic peculiarities of
the daily ozone variations in the atmospheric surface layer over the continent
are the concentration minimum and maximum before sunrise and sunset,
respectively. The daily variations of ozone are predominantly influenced by its
dry deposition and daytime generation; the former is most intense at night
under the condition of temperature inversions. The intense and prolonged
inversions over
Over continental
In
cities and industrial regions, the ozone concentration is low. However, in the
The nighttime rate of ozone dry
deposition under inversions was measured over extensive regions of continental
Estimations show that the intense stratospheric
intrusions increase the surface ozone concentration by a value ranging within
20 ppb.
On the basis of the mobile laboratory, unique data on
the year-round variations in the surface concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) in the atmosphere were obtained for the continental Russian
regions lying from
It was found that the major
contribution (67-95%)
to the total VOC concentration is made by alkanes. Alkenes and aromatics
contribute 2-10%
and no more than 15%, respectively. Carbonyl compounds and alcohols contribute
less than 15%.
It is shown that the VOC
distributions are mainly determined by the local sources and long-rang
transport from
It is found that remote forest fires
affect the composition and concentration of atmospheric organic compounds.
Enhanced contents of light C2-C3-hydrocarbons,
trichloroethane, trichloroethylen, benzene, and toluene and also the occurrence
of o-xylene were identified in the plumes of forest fires [Elansky et al. 2001;
Shakina et al. 2001].
Methods
and instruments intended for stratospheric and mesospheric ozone monitoring
based on remote sensing of the millimeter-wave radiation have been developed.
Members of the Lebedev Physical
Institute,
In the framework of this study, pioneering simultaneous nighttime spectral measurements of the mm-wave rotational ozone radiation (PI RAS) and near-IR hydroxyl radiation (IAP RAS) emitted from the same region of the upper atmosphere were performed. A procedure for retrieval of the nighttime ozone profiles up to 100-km height was designed. It uses spectrophotometric data on the hydroxyl temperature at heights of 80-90 km. Significant nighttime variations in the mesospheric and lower-thermospheric ozone concentrations were revealed; the day-to-day variations over the height ranges 55-75 and 85-95 km are characterized by a factor reaching a value of 2-3 and by an increment of 1-8 ppm, respectively. Information on the ozone, atomic oxygen and hydrogen content and on the atmospheric temperature and density at the height of the mesopause were obtained [Perminov et al., 2002].
Simultaneous microwave spectrometric measurements of the
stratospheric ozone content were performed in the city of
Members of the PI RAS designed the low-noise mm-wave
radio-spectrometer supplied with a wideband acoustooptic spectrum-analyzer
(AOS) [Esepkina et al., 2002] designed in the
In the city of Tomsk, at the Siberian Lidar Station (the Institute of Atmospheric Optics SD RAS), the lidar measurements of the stratospheric profiles of the ozone and aerosol concentrations and temperature and also the spectrophotometric measurements of the TOC and of the NO2 total content and profiles have been continued. On the basis of the lidar data consideration, the mechanisms of the ozonosphere variability and of the dynamics of optical characteristics of the stratospheric aerosol layer were improved [Zuev, 2000]. The data obtained in 1999-2002, under conditions of the long-term background state of the stratosphere were used to design models of the ozone and aerosol profiles [El'nikov et al., 2000]. The ozone paleobehavior was retrieved from the dendrochronological data [Zuev and Bondarenko, 2002].
Members of the St. Petersburg State University (StPSU) in cooperation with their German colleagues have performed remote sounding of the temperature profile and of the atmospheric gas composition, basing on interpretation of the downward heat IR-radiation spectra measured with the Fourier-interferometer OASIS under cloudless conditions. A procedure specially adapted to the data interpretation allowing clarification of the atmospheric parameters and improvement of the parameters for the spectral absolute calibration and for the atmospheric radiative model was proposed and analyzed on the basis of numerical experiments. It was shown that the remote method allows rather exact retrieval of the total content for different minor gases, such as N2O, CH4, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CO, and also of the tropospheric ozone content [Virolainen et al., 2001].
The routine releases of ozonesondes and TOC measurements
at the Salekhard and
Much attention was given to the methods of
interpretation of satellite measurements of atmospheric ozone. The TOC trends
and anomalies over different atmospheric zones were analyzed on the basis of
the NOMS data [Chernikov et al., 2002; Smirnov et al., 2000]. A series of
technical works oriented on the development of methods of data processing and
analyzing as applied to the
Members of the StPSU have completed interpretation of the space experiment performed on the basis of the Mir Space Station supplied with the Ozon-Mir instrumentation. It is the first experiment aimed at occultation sounding and using the multi-channel instrumentation capable to operate in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral ranges. The retrieval of such ozonospheric parameters as the O3 and NO2 profiles, spectral coefficients of aerosol attenuation, and parameters of the aerosol size distribution was performed by the method of statistical regularization. A comparison between the values of the retrieved parameters and independent measurements showed a high quality of the applied techniques and procedures [Poberovskii et al., 1999; Polyakov et al., 1999, 2001]. A new procedure of parametrization of the spectral coefficient of aerosol attenuation was proposed for solution of the problem of ozonospheric occultation sounding from space objects [Polyakov et al., 1999, 2001a], and numerical studies of the expected accuracy of retrieving the profiles of the O3 and NO2 concentration and aerosol attenuation spectral coefficient with the SAGE III instrumentation were performed.
The CAO contributes to the ÌÅÒÅÎR 3/SAGE-III Project. Members of the CAO determine the gaseous and aerosol composition of the atmosphere through retrieval of the atmospheric spectral transmittance functions obtained by using 80 spectral channels arranged in the interval from 280 to 1500 nm with a maximum spectral resolution of 0.95 nm and with a height resolution of about 500 m. In the framework of this project, methods, algorithms, and software were developed for retrieving the profiles of the O3 and NO2 concentrations and also of the aerosol and water-vapor extinction from spectral transmittance functions [Chayanova and Borisov, 1999].
Members of the StPSU, IAP RAS, and MGO validated the data on the TOC obtained in 1996-2001 with the GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, the ERS-2 satellite) instrumentation, comparing these data with the coordinated data of measurements with the Russian ground-based instrumentation and of the simultaneous measurements with the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, the EarthProbe satellite) instrumentation [Ionov et al., 2002]. The data of the Russian ozonometric network are in good agreement with the TOMS data; the mean systematic discrepancy between the data obtained with the ground-based instrumentation and with the GOME instrumentation are equal to 3%.
Numerical modeling
Members of the MGO designed a three-dimensional transport-photochemical model of the stratosphere. They estimated the effect of implementation of the Montreal Protocol on the ozonosphere. Model computations showed that evolution of the ozone layer over the period 1992-2000 was determined almost entirely by the current meteorological situation and implementation of the Montreal Protocol changed the ozone content by only 1-2%; therewith, the most pronounced increment was computed for the atmosphere over Antarctica [Egorov et al., 2002; Egorov et al., 2003; Zubov et al., 1999].
The spring
depletions of the Antarctic ozone layer ("ozone hole") over 1993-1996 and 2002 were estimated. To simulate the
situation, the accumulated meteorological data resulted from the UKMO
reanalysis for the periods under consideration were used. Successful
description of the gaseous and heterogeneous photochemical processes provided a
good agreement of the model results with the data measured at the Seva (Japan),
Marambio (Argentina), and Amundsen-Scott (USA) stations and reproduction of the
unique behavior of the "ozone hole" in 2002 [Ozolin et al., 2003;
Karol' I.L. et al., 2003].
Members of the RSHMU (
Members of the IAP RAS studied the effect of
disturbances of air flowing over orographic irregularities on the distribution
of the ozone concentration in the troposphere and stratosphere. The effect of
such a kind was estimated on the basis of numerical modeling of the air flowing
around the
Members of the Novosibirsk State University (NSU) used a numerical two-dimension zonally-averaged interactive dynamic radiative-photochemical model of the atmosphere to study the global atmospheric gaseous and temperature variations caused by anthropogenic emissions of the following greenhouse and ozone-destroying gases: CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, HCFCs, HFCs, CFCs, CH3CCl3, CCl4, H-1211 and H-1301 halons, and sulfate compounds. The influence of sulfate aerosol and polar stratospheric clouds on the effect of the supersonic aircraft on the ozone layer was studied [Dyominov et al., 2000]. Numerical experiments aimed at clarification of the relative contribution of the natural and anthropogenic factors to the observable variations in the atmospheric ozone content were performed [Dyominov and Zadorozhny, 2000; Dyominov and Zadorozhny, 2001]. The ozone layer state over the period up to 2050 was predicted [Dyominov and Zadorozhny, 2000].
The numerical experiments showed that the sulfate aerosol layer of the atmosphere and the polar stratospheric clouds over the Northern Hemisphere represent the buffer attenuating the susceptibility of the atmospheric ozone layer to the supersonic aircraft effect computed on the basis of the predictable emissions of sulfur compounds and nitrogen oxides from the supersonic aircraft engines. Over the Antarctic region, the heterogeneous processes occurring at the surfaces of the sulfate and polar stratospheric clouds intensify the supersonic aircraft effect on the ozone layer [Dyominov et al., 2000].
It was shown that the 11-year variations in the UV solar radiation and the El Chichon and Pinatubo eruptions contributed significantly to the global ozone content variations observed late in the 20th century [Dyominov and Zadorozhny, 2001]. The effect inherent in the atmosphere influenced by anthropogenic pollutants and manifesting itself in prolongation of the influence of volcanic eruptions on the global ozone content was revealed and explained [Dyominov and Zadorozhny, 2001].
Greenhouse gases influence the ozone layer because they change the atmospheric temperature. The predicted stratospheric cooling [Dyominov, Zadorozhny, 2000] initiated by the continuous increase in the content of greenhouse gases intensifies the polar ozone depletion through intensification of the heterogeneous processes at the surface of the polar stratospheric clouds; however, on the other hand, it decreases the ozone photochemical losses associated with the temperature dependences of the gaseous reactions. The computations show that, at the 45oN latitude, the CO2 and CH4 emissions will lead in December 2050 to the increasing in the TOC by about 2.9 and 1.7%, respectively, and the N2O and haloid emissions will lead to the decreasing in the TOC by about 1.9 and 3.5%, respectively. The model computations predict that the continuing increase in the atmospheric CO2 content will accelerate significantly the ozone layer rehabilitation after termination of the anthropogenic haloid emissions. This effect will be clearly pronounced after 2010 and, at the 45oN latitude, will lead to the relaxation of the ozone depletion from 3.5 to 0.65% in 2050.
Members of the Institute of
Applied Physics RAS studied the nonlinear dynamical properties of the polar lower-stratospheric
photochemical system (PLS PCS) and the mesospheric photochemical system (MPCS)
revealing themselves under actual atmospheric conditions [Konovalov et.al., 1999; Sonnemann, Feigin,
1999; Sonnemann, Feigin, 1999; Sonnemann et al., 1999; Konovalov, Feigin, 2000; Feigin et al.,
2002].
It was shown that, over the
The mechanisms of the
nonlinear behavior of the mesospheric photochemistry were studied [Konovalov, Feigin, 2000]. It was shown
[Sonnemann et al., 1999; Feigin et.al, 2002] that the dependence of nonlinear
dynamic properties of the MPCS on the vertical turbulent diffusion intensity
may initiate multiple intensification of the quasi-two-day waves observable
over the mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
A new approach to formulation
of mathematical models of atmospheric systems characterized by a complicated
dynamic behavior was developed. This approach is based on the nonlinear dynamic
analysis of the temporal dependences characteristic for the system under
consideration [Feigin et. al., 2001; Feigin et.al, 2002].
A new method for revealing the
nonlinear correlations of observable atmospheric characteristics is proposed
and developed. This method is based on application of artificial neuron nets
[Konovalov, 2002; Konovalov, 2003].
References
1. Arabov A.Ya., M.I. Beloglazov, N.F. Elansky, A. Yu. Karpechko, Z.V. Kortunova, G.I.
Kuznetsov, N.P. Povolotskaya, I.A. Senik, O.A. Tarasova, 2002. The features of
the surface ozone variations above European Russia, "Physical problems of ecology (Physical Ecology)",
conference proceedings. Eds. V.I. Trukhin, Yu. A. Pirogov, K.V. Pokazeev, M.:
MAX Press, 9, 56-69.
2. Chayanova E.A., Y.A. Borisov, 1999: Accuracy estimation of the
SAGE-III retrieval algorithm for nitrogen dioxide, aerosol and ozone. Proc.
SPIE, 3501, 230-237.
3. Chernikov
A.A., Borisov Yu.A., Zvyagintsev A.M., et al., 2000. Tendencies in the ozone
layer measurements by satellite instrument TOMS and ground-based network. Earth
Res. from Space, 6, 23-32.
4. Crutzen
P.J., N.F. Elansky, M. Hahn, G.S. Golitsyn, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, D. Scharffe,
I.B.Belikov, M. Maiss, P. Bergamaschi, T. Rockmann, A.M. Grisenko and V.V. Sevostyanov. Trace gas
measurements between
5.
6.
7.
8. Egorova
T.A., E.V.Rozanov, M. Schlesinger, S.L.Malishev, I.L.Karol, V.A.Zubov, 2002.
The annual simulation of variation total ozone in 1992-2002 and effect of
restriction to produce destroying ozone agents. Meteorol. Hydrol., 1,
5-13.
9. Egorova
T.A., E.V.Rozanov, V.A.Zubov, I.L.Kapol
The model of ozone trend investigation
(MEZON): the brief description and validation//Izv., Atm. and Oceanic
Phys., 2003, 39, 3, in published
10. Elansky
N.F., A.Ya. Arabov, I.A. Senik, E.N. Kadygrov, A.D. Lykov, T.A. Markova, V.W.
Savinych, G.I. Kuznetsov, M.I. Beloglazov, A.Yu. Karpechko, Z.V. Kortunova,
O.A. Tarasova, 2002. The Mechanisms of the Surface Ozone Variations at Some
Remote and Rural Regions of Russia, Proceedings from the EUROTRAC Symposium 2002, Eds. P.M. Midgley,
and M.Reuther, Mergraf Verlag, Wiekersheim, Germany, TOR07. 1-5
11. Elansky N.F. T.A.Markova,
I.A.Senik, G.I.Kuznetsov, O.A.Tarasova, M.I.Beloglazov, A.Yu.Karpechko,
Z.V.Kortunova, 2001. Surface Ozone in Remote, Rural and Urban
Regions of
12. Elansky N.F., F.Ya. Arabov,
I.A.Senik, G.I.Kuznetsov, O.A.Tarasova, M.I.Beloglasov, A.Yu. Karpechko and
Z.V.Kortunova, 2001. The Features of Surface Ozone Variations
in Remote, Rural and Urban Regions of
13. Elansky
N.F., T. A. Markova,
14. N. F. Elansky G. S. Golitsyn, T. S. Vlasenko, and A. A. Volokh. 2001b. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Surface Air along the Trans-Siberian Railroad//Izvestiya, Atmosoheric and Oceanic Physics, V. 37, Suppl. 1, , pp. S10-S23.
15. Elansky
N.F., L. V. Panin, and
16. Elansky N.F., V.N.Kozhevnikov, G.I.Kuznetsov, and B.I.Volkov,
2003. Effect of Orographic Disturbances on Ozone
Redistribution in the Atmosphere by the Example of Airflow about the
17. Elansky
N.F., F.M. Zviagintsev, O.A. Tarasova, 2002. Tropospheric ozone research in the
18. Åëàíñêèé Í.Ô., Ìàðêîâà Ò.À. Ñóòî÷íûå
âàðèàöèè ïðèçåìíîé êîíöåíòðàöèè îçîíà ïî èçìåðåíèÿì ñ âàãîíà-ëàáîðàòîðèè âäîëü
Òðàíññèáèðñêîé æåëåçíîäîðîæíîé ìàãèñòðàëè.//Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ
"Ôèçèêà àòìîñôåðíîãî àýðîçîëÿ"/(85-ëåòèe ñî äíÿ ðîæäåíèÿ ïðîôåññîðà
Ã.Â.Ðîçåíáåðãà)/Òðóäû êîíôåðåíöèè. Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêâà. 1999. Ñ. 437-442.
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Atm. and Oceanic Optics, 13, 12,
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S.K. Kruglov, S.B. Rozanov et al., 2002. Features of acoustic-optical
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21. Feigin
A.M., Y.I.Molkov, D.N.Mukhin and E.M.Loskutov, 2001. Prognosis of qualitative
behavior of a dynamic system by the observed chaotic time series. Radiophysics
and Quantum Electronics, 44, 5-6, 348-367.
22. Feigin
A.M., Y.I.Molkov, D.N.Mukhin and E.M.Loskutov, 2002. Investigation of Nonlinear Dynamical Properties by the
Observed Complex Behaviour as a Basis for Construction of the Dynamical Models
of Atmospheric Photochemical Systems. Faraday Discussion, 120, 105-123.
23. Feigin A.M., 2002. Nonlinear dynamic models of atmospheric
photochemical systems: methods for construction
and analysis (Review). News of
24. Golitsin
G.S., N.F. Elansky, T.A. Markova, L.V. Panin, 2002. Regime of
surface ozone above continental regions of the
25. Geller
M.A., and Smyshlyaev S.P, 2002: A model study of total ozone evolution
1979-2000 – The role of individual natural and anthropogenic effects. Geoph. Res. Lett., 29(22), 2048,
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26. Ionov D.V., Timofeyev Yu.M., Shalamyansky A.M., 2002: Comparison of satellite (GOME, TOMS instruments) and ground-based measurements of total ozone content. Earth Res. from Space, 3, 10-19.
27. Karol I.L., T.A.Egorova, V.A.Zubov, U.E. Ozolin, E.V.Rozanov, 2003. The ozone hole is constricting, isn’t it? Meteorology and gidrology, 4, in published.
28. Karpetchko
A.U., N.F. Elansky, G.I. Kuznetsov, O.A. Tarasova, M.I. Beloglazov, S.A.
Rumiantsev, 2001. The role of air transport in surface ozone field formation on
Kola Peninsular. Izv. Atm. and Oceanic Phys., 37, 5, 692-699.
29. Kuznetsova I.N., N.F. Elansky, and
30. Kuznetsova
I.N., N.F.Elanskii, I.Yu.Shalygina, E.N.Kadygrov, A.D.Lykov, 2002. Temperature
Inversions and their influence on surface ozone concentrations in the vicinity
of the Kislovodsk town. Meteorology and gidrology, 9, 40-51.
31. Krasil’nikov
A.A., Kulikov Yu.Yu., Ryskin V.G., 2002. Features of ozone
behavior in upper atmosphere during the winter of 1999/2000 from simultaneous
microwave measurements in
32. Kulikov
Yu.Yu., Krasil’nikov A.A., Ryskin V.G., 2002. Results of microwave studies of
the ozone layer structure in Polar latitudes during winter anomalous giving of
the stratosphere. Izv., Atm. and Oceanic Phys. 38, 2, 182-191.
33. Konovalov I.B., A.M.Feigin and A.Y.Mukhina,
1999. Toward an understanding of the nonlinear nature of atmospheric
photochemistry: Multiple equilibrium states in the high-latitude lower
stratospheric photochemical system. J. Geophys. Res., 104, D3,
3,669-3,689.
34. Konovalov I.B, 2002. Application of neural
networks to studying nonlinear relationships
between ozone and its precursors. J. Geophys. Res., 107, n.D11,
ACH 8-1, 8-14.
35. Konovalov
I.B., 2003. Nonlinear relationships between atmospheric aerosol and its gaseous
precursors: Analysis of long-term air quality monitoring data by means of
neural networks. J. Atm. Chem. and Phys. Discussions, 3, 835-866.
36. Konovalov I.B and A.M.Feigin,2000. Towards an
understanding of the non-linear nature of atmospheric photochemistry: origin of
the complicated dynamic behavior of the mesospheric photochemical system.
Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 7, 1, 87-104.
37. Ozolin
U.E., I.L.Karol, A.A. Kiselev, V.A.Zubov, 2003. The trajectory modeling of
transfer and photochemistry air mass in polar vortex Antarctic stratosphere.
Izv., Atm. and Oceanic. Phys., 39, 3. Press.
38. Perminov
V.I., E.P. Kropotkina, V.V. Bakanas et al., 2002. Determination of the
concentration of atmospheric principal and minor gaseous components at the
mesopause altitude. Geomagn. and Aeronomy, 42,
6, 814-820.
39. Poberovskii
A.V., A.V. Polyakov, Yu. M. Timofeyev et al., 1999. Ozone profile determination
by occultation sounding from the Mir space station: 1. Instrumentation and data
processing method. Izv. RAS, Atm. and Ocean. Phys., 35, 3, 312-321.
40. Polyakov
A.V., A.V. Poberovskii, Yu.M. Timofeyev, 1999. Ozone profile determination by
occultation sounding from the Mir space station: 2. Comparison of the
observation results with independent data. Izv., Atm. and Oceanic Phys., 35, 3, 322-328.
41. Polyakov,
A.V., Yu.M.Timofeev, A.V.Poberovskii, and A.V.Vasil'ev, 2001. Retrieval of
stratospheric vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient from the
Ozon-Mir measurements (Mir Space Station). Izv., Atm. and Oceanic Phys., 37, 2, 213–222.
42. Polyakov,A.V.,
A.V.Vasil'ev, and Yu.M. Timofeev, 2001a. Parametrization of the spectral
dependence of the aerosol attenuation coefficient in problems of atmospheric
occultation sounding from space. Izv., Atm. and Oceanic Phys., 37, 5, 646–657.
43. Shakina N.P., A. R. Ivanova, N. F. Elansky, and T. A. Markova, 2001. Transcontinental Observations of Surface Ozone Concentration in the TROICA Experiments: 2. The Effect of the Stratosphere--Troposphere Exchange. Izv., Atm. and Oceanic Phys., 37, Suppl. 1, S39-S48.
44. Senik I.A. and N. F. Elansky, 2001. Surface Ozone Concentration Measurements at the Kislovodsk High-Altitude Scientific Station: Temporal Variations and Trends. Izv., Atm. and Oceanic Phys., 37, Suppl. 1, S110-S119.
45. Smirnov
O.A., Ionov D.V., Timofeyev Yu.M., Vasilyev A.V.2000. New estimations of total
ozone trends (from TOMS data). Earth Res. from Space, 2, 3-7.
46. Smyshlyaev
S.P., M.A. Geller and V.A. Yudin, 1999. Sensitivity of model assessments of
HSCT effects on stratospheric ozone resulting from uncertaintes in the NOx
production from lightning. J.Geophys.
Res., 104, 26,401-26,418.
47. Smyshlyaev
S.P., and M.A. Geller, 2001. Analysis of SAGE II observations using data
assimilation by SUNY-SPB two-dimensional model and comparison to TOMS data. JGR, 106, 32327-32336.
48. Solomonov
S.V., E.P. Kropotkina, S.B. Rozanov et al., 2001. Variations of the
stratospheric ozone vertical distribution from results of ground-based remote
sensing at millimeter waves. In “IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric
Radiation”. Deepak Publishing,
49. Sonnemann
G. and A.M.Feigin, 1999. Nonlinear behavior of a reaction-diffusion system of
the chemistry within the mesopause region. Phys. Rev. E, 59, 2-A,
1719-1726.
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G.R. and A.M.Feigin, 1999a. Nonlinear response of the upper mesospheric
photochemical system under action of diffusion. Adv. Space Res., 24,
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G.R., A.M.Feigin and Y.I.Molkov, 1999. On the influence of diffusion upon the
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53. Tarasova O.A., G.I. Kuznetsov, I.N. Kuznetsova, I.A. Senik, M.I. Beloglazov, A. Yu. Karpechko, 2002. The
Impact of Air Transport and Meteorological Processes on the Surface Ozone
Variations at Kislovodsk High Mountain Station and Lovozero Site, Proceedings
from the EUROTRAC Symposium 2002, Eds.
P.M. Midgley, and M.Reuther, Mergraf Verlag, Wiekersheim, Germany, TOR27. 1-5
54. Tarasova
O.A., Elansky, N.F., Kuznetsov, G.I., Kuznetsova, I.N., Senik, I.A., 2003. Impact of Air Transport on Seasonal Variations and Trends of
Surface Ozone at
55. Tarasova O.A. and A.Yu. Karpetchko, 2003. Accounting for local meteorological effects in the ozone
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Ya.A., Polyakov A.V., Timofeyev Yu.M. et al., 2001. Determination of
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V.A., S.P. Smyshlyaev, M.A. Geller, and V. Dvortsov, 2000. Transport
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60. Zubov
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61. Zuev
V.V.,2000. Remote optical monitoring of stratospheric changes.
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APPENDIX
A.A. Krivolutsky
Central Aerological Observatory
Pervomayskaya 7, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow Region,
1. Cosmic influence on ozone layer
Special focus was made to investigate the response of
ozone and other species to energetic charged particles (solar and galactic
cosmic rays). Ionization caused by solar cosmic rays after solar proton events
(SPEs) leads to additional production of nitrogen and hydrogen oxides in the
mesosphere- stratosphere region, which could destroy ozone in catalytic cycles.
Physics and history of these directions of atmospheric chemistry was published in
Review (Krivolutsky et al., 1999). Ozone response to several SPEs including
occurred in October 1989, and also during last solar maximum were studied on
the basis of photochemical modeling (Krivolutsky et al., 1999; Krivolutsky et
al., 2001; Krivolutsky, 2001). The results of photochemical calculations shown
that ozone may be practically destroyed in the mesosphere after strong SPEs
like events in October 1989, July 2000. The results of comparison between model
simulations and observations (HALOE instrument on board of UARS) gave rather
good correspondence.
Galactic cosmic rays (which has decadal variability) may influence ozone
and other species in the troposphere (Krivolutsky et al., 2002), however data
analysis shows more eleven-year signal in ozone than calculated effect.
2. Photochemistry of ozone spring anomaly in presence of air
depression over
A role of specific atmospheric condition (low air
pressure) over South Pole for stratospheric gas-phase photochemistry have been
investigated on the basis of data analysis and photochemical numerical modeling
(Krivolutsky, 1999; Krivolutsky and Vyshkova, 2002). There were no
heterogeneous reactions were used in calculations to estimate a pure effect of
gas phase chemistry and photolysis rates on ozone in presence of air
depression. The results of model runs have shown a strong correlation between
air pressure deficit over
References
Krivolutsky, A., A. Kuminov, and A. Repnev. Effects of
cosmic rays on the Earth’s ozonosphere:
A review. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 39, 271-282, 1999 .
Krivolutsky, A., Global structure of ozone response to
solar and galactic cosmic ray
influence. Adv. in Space Res.,
vol. 24, N5, 641-648, 1999.
Krivolutsky, A., A.Kuminov, and A. Repnev, N.
Perejaslova, G. Bazilevskaya, Ozone response after solar proton event in November
1997 (photochemical modeling). Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, vol. 41, No 2, 235-244, 2001. .
Krivolutsky A., Cosmic ray influence on chemical
composition of the atmosphere of the Earth. Adv. in Space Res., vol. 21, No 12, 2001.
Krivolutsky A.,
Ozone variability of long-term scale near polar regions and its connection to
basic atmospheric conditions, Adv. in Space Res., 28, 971-980, 2001
Krivolutsky A., A.
Ondraskova, J. Lastovicka, Photochemical response of neutral and ionised middle atmosphere composition to strong
solar proton event of October 1989. Adv. in Space Res., vol. 21, No 12,
1975-1981, 2001.
Krivolutsky A., Vyushkova T., Dependence of ozone
and other species response to annual and interannual variability of atmospheric
parameters over Antarctica . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,
vol. 27, 485-495,
2002.
Krivolutsky, A. A., G. Bazilevskaya, T. Vyushkova, and
G. Knayzeva, Influence of cosmic rays on chemical composition of the
atmosphere: data analysis and photochemical modeling. Physics and Chemistry of
the Earth, 27, pp. 471-476, 2002.
CLIMATE AND ITS CHANGES: DIAGNOSTICS AND MODELING
(1999-2002)
I.I. Mokhov
A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the
3 Pyzhevsky,
Problem
of the possible climate changes is one of the key problem for the XXI century.
In the global climate studies a significant role play those related to the
Russian observed data analysis.
Essential
results of the last decade Russian studies in the field of climate changes and evaluation
of their impacts were published in (Global climate changes and their impacts
for
Empirical studies, reanalysis and paleoreconstructions
Important
role in the Russian climate studies play empirical analyses for wide band of
time variability ranging from the hundreds of thousand years (Barkov et al.,
2002, Kotlyakov and Lorius, 2000; Velichko, 2002) till the climate of last
millenia (Klimanov, 2002; Krenke and Chernavskaya, 2002) and more detailed -
for the climate of the last two
centuries and especially for the climate of the 20th century (Alexeev et
al., 2000; Bardin, 2002; Budyko et al., 1999; Gruza and Rankova, 2002; Kiktev
et al., 2002; Kitaev, 2002; Mirvis, 2002; Nazarov et al., 2002; Nesterov, 2001;
Perevedentsev et al., 2001; Golubev et al., 2001; Groisman and Rankova, 2001;
Gulev et al., 2001; Polyakov et al., 2002; Savelieva et al., 2000; Sun et al.,
2001; Wiedenmann et al., 2002).
Strong
resonance (see, e.g., (Houghton et al., 2001)) have got the results of the
multiannual project to drill and analyze the ice core data from the Russian
Antarctic Station Vostok. This activity allowed to reconstruct climate changes,
e.g. temperature regime, and atmospheric radiative-active constituents content,
e.g. carbon dioxide and methane, as well as marine and continental aerosol for
the last 420 thousands of years (Barkov et al., 2002, Kotlyakov and Lorius,
2000). These results are of great importance to assess cause-effect relations
in the Earth climate system on different time scales including those on the
scales of tens of thousands years due to changes in orbital parameters (the
Milankovitch cycles) and on much faster scales due to anthropogenic influence
during the last century (Mokhov et al., 2002). According to the climate
reconstructions from the Vostok ice core data the Holocene continuing about 11
thousand years is the most long interglacial for the last more than 400
thousand years (Kotlyakov and Lorius, 2000).
Strong
climate changes have been noted in the XX century, especially during its last
few decades, in the regions of
About
2/3 of the Russia is covered by permafrost (Global Climate Changes and Their
Impacts for Russia, 2002; Izrael et al., 2002c; Anisimov et al., 2002). Regime
of cryolithozone serves as an important indicator of climatic changes.
According to (Pavlov et al., 2002) since the late 1970s the most northern
continental areas exert weak tendency of active layer deepening. Tendency of
warming for perennially frozen soils is found in the northern part of
According
to model simulations the largest temperature changes, related to the
anthropogenically induced global warming, have to be exhibited in high
latitudes. At that the large variability in polar latitudes with strong
interdecadal variations masks tendencies of long-term climate change (Polyakov
et al., 2002; Bengtsson et al., 2003; Johannessen et al., 2003). An analysis of
interrelations of wintertime climate changes in the
Studies
of the changes in snow cover in the northern
In the
XX century, especially during the last few decades, statistically significant
climate changes are found in different regions. Most significant changes are
exhibited for extremal regimes. For example, in (Kiktev et al., 2002) by
empirical data for the second half of the XX century it was found that
alongside with the general tendency toward warmer and wetter climate a number
of statistically significant shifts in extrema have occured. In particular for
the Asian part of
There
is a series of papers devoted to the analysis of peculiarities and regional
impact of quasi-cyclic phenomenon El Nino (which is associated with the
strongest variations of global surface air temperature on the interannual time
scale), North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations (with strong influence on the
Northern Hemisphere climate), quasi-biennial oscillations (Gruza et al., 1999:
Mokhov et al., 2000a,b; Nesterov, 2003; Petrosyants and
Gushchina, 2002; Gruzdev and Bezverkhny, 2000). Tendencies of change of annual
cycle of climate, in particular for surface air temperature, with an analysis
of regional processes were studied in (Eliseev et al., 2000; Mirvis, 2002;
Eliseev and Mokhov, 2003).
In
(Sklyarov, 2001) an analysis of the variations of solar constant for the last
two decades of the XX century was performed with a comparison with variations
of global surface air temperature. It was noted that the former quantity does
not show any drift during this period while the latter has grown.
Alongside
with the data of observations the climate variability in the second part of the
XX century were analyzed using the data of reanalyses. In particular based on
the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data the changes of extratropical cyclones and
blockings, characteristics of the surface air temperature annual cycle and
temperature trends at different heights were analyzed (Gulev at al., 2001;
Eliseev and Mokhov, 2003; Khan et al., 2003; Wiedenmann et al., 2002; Zveryaev
and
Theory of climate and climate modelling
The
role of the climate modelling and model-based diagnosis of past and future
climate variations is increasing continiously (Alexeev and Ryabchenko, 2000;
Arpe et al., 1999; Volodin, 2000; Galin and Volodin, 2002; Demchenko et al.,
2002; Diansky and Volodin, 2002; Dymnikov et al., 2002; Kislov, 2001; Meleshko
et al., 2000; Mokhov et al., 2002; Anisimov et al., 2002; Claussen et al.,
2002; Eliseev and Mokhov, 2003; Joussaume et al., 1999; Kattsov and Walsh,
2000; Semenov and Bengtsson, 2002). Russian models take part in the
international intercomparison projects AMIP, CMIP, PMIP, EMIP (Diansky and
Volodin, 2002; Claussen et al., 2002; Joussaume et al., 1999; Walsh et al.,
2002).
Climate
models can be divided according to their complexity into three classes:
conceptual models, models of intermediate complexity and (most detailed)
general circulation models (Claussen et al., 2002). Here the model's complexity
is characterized by the number of climate variables computed explicitly, by the
number of explicitly considered processes and by the complexity of their
determination.
State-of-the-art
coupled general circulation models allow ones not only to simulate spatial
peculiarities of the Earth climate but also realistically reproduce climate
changes, both global and regional (Global Climate Changes and Their Impacts for
Russia, 2002; Arpe et al., 2000). New results were obtained using different
numerical experiments with general circulation models (Arpe et al., 2000; Demchenko et al., 2002;
Diansky and Volodin, 2002; Dymnikov et al., 2002; Galin and Volodin, 2002;
Kislov, 2001; Meleshko et al., 2000; Volodin, 2000). In (Diansky and Volodin,
2002) the results of CMIP2 numerical experiments with the first Russian coupled
general circulation model (CGCM) - INM GCM were presented with the scenario
CMIP2. First results of simulations with this model extended by the RSHMU
chemistry module (Yudin et al., 2000) were presented in (Galin et al., 2003).
In (Meleshko et al., 2000) using the MGO general circulation model an analysis
of important climate feedbacks such as cloud-radiative and water vapour
feedbacks is performed. Features of annual cycle were studied in (Kurbatkin,
2000). An implementation of the new module for land surface hydrology into the
HMC general circulation model allows for realistic simulation of river runoff
annual cycle in a number of Siberian regions (Rubinstein and Shmakin, 1999).
A
perspective area of climate studies is due to regional climate models (with
substantionally increased spatial resolution) coupled to a global (of a
relatively coarse resolution) climate model (Krupchatnikov, Fomenko 1999;
Shkolnik et al., 2000).
Special
class of global climate models consists of the Earth system models of
intermediate complexity (EMICs) (Claussen et al., 2002; Demchenko et al., 2002;
Eliseev and Mokhov, 2003; Ganopolski et al., 2001; Handorf et al., 1999; Mokhov
et al., 2002; Petoukhov et al., 2000). The only Russian model of this type participating
in the international intercomparison is the IAP RAS climate model (Claussen et
al., 2002). This is the first Russian global three-dimensional climate model,
which was run under different scenarios of continiously evolving anthropogenic
forcing (e.g., CO2 atmospheric content) for the XIX-XXI centuries (Mokhov et
al., 2002). EMICs have a rather detailed
description of climatic processes and allow one to simulate much larger and
longer (in comparison to CGCMs) number of scenarios due to a number of parameterizations
and/or relatively coarse spatial resolution.
Model estimations of possible global and regional
climate changes
and their impacts
Using
global climate models possible regional climate changes are simulated for
different scenarios of anthropogenic forcing, e.g. for greenhouse gases
atmospheric loading. In particular, in (Anisimov et al., 2002; Demchenko et
al., 2002; Izrael et al., 2002; Malevsky-Malevich and Nadezhina, Nelson et al., 2002)
possible changes in the permafrost cover are estimated. According to (Demchenko
et al., 2002) sensitivity of the area with climate conditions favourable for
permafrost scatter significantly between different models but changes only
slightly between studied scenarios of anthropogenic forcing, in particular
taking and not taking into account aerosol aerosol loading into the atmosphere.
A comparison of simulations with the paleoreconsructed data showed that the
southern boundary of continious permafrost for the Holocene Optimum is similar
to that potentially approached in the middle XXI century if an aerosol loading
is taken into account. If this loading is not taken into account these
potentially approached conditions are similar to the Eemian Interglacial.
Nagurny
et al. (2002) simulated long-term changes in temperature and precipitation in
the
According
to model simulations alongside with significant interannual and interdecadal
variability a general growth of precipitation and river discharge in the
watersheds of the Volga river and the Caspian Sea, the Neva river and the
Ladoga Lake, Ob, Yenisei and Lena rivers and their variability in the XXI
century are projected (Mokhov et al., 2002). Changes in wintertime and
summertime precipitation differ substantionally between each other (Semenov and
Bengtsson, 2002). In particular, for the central European part of
Similar
model estimations are made also for other regions (Mokhov et al., 2002). For
It is
very important to estimate changes in biologic production under climate changes
possible in the XXI century (Golubyatnikov and Denisenko, 2001; Global Climate
Changes and Their Impacts for
Climate changes and the problem of sustainable
development
In a
number of papers the problem of climate change is discussed in relation to the
problem of Kyoto protocol and to the conclusions made by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (Izrael et al., 2001, 2002a,b; Kondratyev and
Demirchan, 2001; Kondratyev, 2002). In particular, in (Kondratyev and
Demirchan, 2001; Kondratyev, 2002) based on the results of the Third IPCC
Assessment (2001), Sixth Conference of
the Parties (COP-6), subsequent COP-6.2
in Bonn and World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) in Johannesburg
(2002) the recommendations and mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol about the
limitations of the greenhouse gases emissions into the atmosphere to prohibit
global climate changes in the XXI century are discussed. In (Izrael et al.,
2002b) the data on greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O,
as well as HFC, PFC and SF6) emission changes in
Realistic
estimation of positive and negative effects of climate change needs
interrelated studies of economical, ecological, social and political processes
with a systematic modelling both on the global and regional levels. In
particular, in (Sustainable Development of Russia and Its Regions, 2001) the
project is considered which deals with the systematic interdisciplinar study of
sustainable development of Russia in the first quarter of the XXI century
related to the problem of the climate change.
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DYNAMIC
METEOROLOGY
M.V. Kurgansky1
and M. Tolstykh2
1A.M.
Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
3
Pyzhevsky,
2Institute
of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Gubkina
8, 119991 Moscow GSP-1, Moscow,
Stability and sensitivity of the atmosphere
The
response of a system of equations describing the dynamics of a baroclinic
atmosphere to small external forcing of an arbitrary form is studied. The
possibility of predicting the response on the basis of simplified models
constructed from model data is considered. With the aid of the Monte-Carlo
method, the operator of the model response to the small external forcing is
directly calculated. It is shown that this operator can be assumed to be linear
in a wide range of variation of the perturbation norm. The maximum response of
the system is close to the first low-frequency empirical orthogonal function
(EOF) of the system. In order to predict the sensitivity of the model system, a
linear dynamic–stochastic model is constructed whose low-frequency variability
is identical to that of the original system. The linear operator of such a
model, in which the right-hand side is a random process, can be calculated from
model data. A comparison between the linear operator, which controls the
response of the original system to small external forcing, and the operator of
the linear model shows that their singular vectors are close. Hence, in order
to predict the sensitivity of the model in question, one can use its
dynamic–stochastic analogue. Moreover, the autocovariance matrix of the
right-hand side of the linear model can be taken to
be equal to cI, where c is a number
and I the identity matrix.
The consequence of this result is that the maximum response of the linear
system, as well as the maximum response of the original system, falls at the
first low-frequency EOF of model circulation (Gritsun and Dymnikov, 1999).
The class of adjoint equations for
hydrodynamic-type systems is investigated. Such equations are used to construct
new integral invariants. A subclass of adjoint equations is singled out whose
solutions are Lyapunov stable regardless of theirs stability respective to the
original system (Dymnikov, 2001).
A study was conducted showing that the
fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) can be used to reconstruct the dynamic
response of the atmosphere to tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies.
The study was based on numerical results produced by the atmospheric general
circulation model developed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian
Academy of Sciences. A Monte Carlo numerical experiment was performed to trace
the evolution of the model response to a prescribed SST anomaly. The response
was reconstructed by applying an FDR-based relation
derived via introducing several assumptions on the spatial-temporal structure
of correlations in the atmosphere. A small perturbation of the dynamic forcing
associated with the SST anomaly was specified as a rapidly forming response in
the tropics (localized response) normalized by the period of its development. A
method for selecting an optimal basis for calculations is discussed. The
reconstructed response was shown to agree with the response calculated by
averaging over a large ensemble of realizations. The proposed technique gives
the correct temporal behavior of the response (Glazunov and Dymnikov,
2002).
Tropical Cyclones: Statistical
Regularities of Distribution Functions
Depending on Intensity and Lifetime
The
analysis of characteristic features of tropical cyclones is carried out on the basis
of multiyear data. In particular, the distribution functions of these cyclones
depending on intensity and lifetime are analyzed for different ocean basins. It
is found that the exponential functions rather than power ones are typical for
the distribution of a number of tropical cyclones with respect to their
lifetime and intensity. It is shown that corresponding cumulative distributions are also well
approximated with exponential functions in sufficiently large range of values
for intensity and lifetime of tropical cyclones (Golitsyn et al., 1999).
Atmospheric Centers of Action and Tendencies of Their Change
Tendencies
of change in the characteristics of atmospheric centers of action (ACAs) in the
Northern Hemisphere are analyzed using empirical data over the period
1891–1995. The results are compared to model estimates. The hydrostatic
equation is used to obtain the simplest model estimates. A more detailed model
is based on the consideration of quasi-stationary Rossby waves on a sphere at
the equivalent-barotropic level. For the mode with meridional wave number 5 and
zonal wave number 2, which makes a major contribution to the formation of
Northern Hemisphere ACAs, the coupled dynamics of the pressure and temperature
fields at the equivalent-barotropic level is analyzed
analytically. The interrelation between the corresponding surface fields is
estimated with allowance for a functional
relationship between the tropospheric temperature lapse rate and the
surface air temperature. The resulting model expressions can be used for a
qualitative analysis of the relative role of various climatic variables in the
formation of the sensitivity of ACA characteristics to global changes, both
anthropogenic, caused by changes in the atmospheric contents of greenhouse
gases and aerosol, and natural, associated, for example, with phenomena like El
Niño. Model estimates are used to explain a possible strengthening of
ACA intensity under global warming of the climate, which is detected, in
particular, for the wintertime Siberian High by analyzing empirical data. The
corresponding tendencies of change in the ACA location (latitude and longitude)
are estimated (Mokhov and Petukhov, 2000).
The
Climatology of Blocking Anticyclones for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres:
Block Intensity as a Diagnostic
A 30-yr climatology of blocking events was compiled by stratifying the data into seasonal and three regional categories for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. Several characteristics of blocking anticyclones were included in the study and these were frequency of occurrence, preferred formation regions, duration, blocking days, and intensity. The block intensity (BI) calculation was modified successfully from a previous study in order to automate the procedure for use with large datasets, and it is applied for the first time to derive a long-term observational record of this quantity. This modification also makes BI suitable for its use as a diagnostic tool. Blocking events in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere were the most persistent and strongest during the cold season and over the Atlantic (Pacific) region, as found using BI as the blocking action measure.
The
characteristics of blocking events derived in this study were compared to previous
long-term climatological studies and across each hemisphere. It was found that
the temporal and spatial distributions in both hemispheres were similar to
those of longer-term studies. The interannual variability of blocking was also
examined with respect to ENSO-related variability for the entire blocking year.
It was found that Northern (Southern) Hemisphere blocking events were stronger
and more frequent during La Niña (El Niño) years, a result that
is consistent with cyclone variability level in each hemisphere. Additionally,
these results were compared with previously published studies of interannual
variability in blocking occurrence (Wiedenmann et al., 2002).
Study
of Extreme Weather Events and Development of the Theory of Adiabatic Invariants
In 1999-2002
research efforts have been concentrated on the study of extreme weather events,
with emphasis on tornadic vortices. A modification of turbulent dynamo model
has been proposed in (Kurgansky, 1999) to explain the initial tornado-like vortex formation,
which takes place in the foot of a rotating storm. General thermodynamically
and fluid dynamically based arguments have been given to construct a simple
version of similarity theory for the mature, quasi-steady stage of a helical moist-convective vortex. On this basis,
a steady reference distribution of tornadic vortices with respect to the Fujita
scale wind speed has been introduced and critically compared with some
statistical data on tornadoes over the territory of Russia and also USA
(Kurgansky, 2000). A general review of physical and fluid dynamical processes,
which may explain the tornadoes genesis and maintenance, have been given in
(Kurgansky, 2001).
A general theory of adiabatic invariants of the atmospheric fluid motion
has been further developed, with the focus on a fundamental notion of the Ertel
potential vorticity (PV). It has been proposed (Kurgansky and Pisnichenko,
2000) to use the properly (optimally) modified Ertel PV as a climate variable,
and a negative-exponential distribution of the atmospheric mass on modified
Ertel PV values has been introduced as the best fit to observational data. This
adiabatic invariant theory has been summarized in (Kurgansky, 2002); its
implications to an oceanographic problem of the absolute fluid motion
determination have been given in (Kurgansky et al., 2002).
Effect of Helicity in
the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Ekman spiral flow in the planetary boundary layer
(Ekman flow) is helical and obviously produces helicity of the turbulent flow component. In its turn, the helical
properties of turbulence may
change the structure of the Reynolds stress tensor, which affects steady-state regimes, including the Ekman
flow itself. The self-consistent,
semi-empirical model of the Ekman boundary layer with allowance for the helicity of the turbulent velocity field has been constructed (Chkhetiani, 2001). Helicity
reduces the mean turbulent energy, modifies the Ekman flow, diminishes the deflection
angle of the Ekman spiral and increases the effective height of the boundary layer. These effects directly manifest the reduction of the energy flux
toward the small scales in helical turbulence.
In (Ponomarev
et al., 2003), the stability of the modified Ekman
flow is considered. The account for turbulent helicity raises an
inflection-point-instability threshold, compared to the previous results. On
the contrary, the threshold for parallel instability is slightly lowered. There
are changes in scales and orientation of the unstable modes. The comparison
with classical and modern boundary layer models and also with observation
data on secondary roll circulation is discussed.
Parameterizations
of Boundary Layers
The new parameterization is developed for use in the Global
Circulation Models. The closure scheme uses the turbulent kinetic energy balance, Kolmogorov
hypothesis and includes generalization of the von Kármán
hypothesis onto the stratification case. Numerical solutions are provided
through the universal non-dimensional functions (UNFs) using the similarity
theory, where UNFs of the real planetary boundary layer (disturbed by baroclinicity, vertical
circulation and by quasi-stationary change of the boundary parameters) are
split into combinations that depend only on two non-dimensional parameters. The
coupled system of atmospheric and oceanic governing equations is closed via the local balances of surface heat and mass.
Broad family of tests demonstrates good agreements with data (Dethloff
et al., 2001; Makshtas et al., 2002).
A Turbulence Closure for the Convective
Boundary Layer
Based on a Two-Scale Mass-Flux
Approach
The closure
problem for the convective turbulence of the shear-free and low-to-moderate
wind atmospheric boundary layer is considered. Non-Gaussian parameterizations
are developed for fourth-order moments based on a two-scale mass-flux approach.
With this approach the ballistic stirring of a
fluid by coherent structures is taken into account and the differences in the
horizontal scales and spacing of the velocity and temperature fields are recognized.
The fractional coverage of positive temperature variations is introduced, as
well as the fractional coverage of positive vertical velocity fluctuations. The
parameterizations are compared to those of the traditional mass-flux scheme and
of the classical eddy-damped quasi-normal approach, and the principal
similarities and dissimilarities are outlined. The results of testing the
parameterizations against aircraft measurements at moderate wind and against
large eddy simulation data of free convective conditions show good agreement
between model predictions and data (Gryanik and Hartmann, 2002).
"Negative Heat Capacity" of
Stratified Two-Component Geophysical Media
(Moist Air and Salt Water)
The development of turbulent convection in the
stratified moist air or salt water heated from below or cooled from above is
considered. To describe the turbulent convective exchange, one uses an approach
based on semi-empirical theory of turbulence and dimensionality/similarity
arguments. The known analytical models of the convection arising from isolated
heat-sources (convective plumes and thermals) are extended to the situations when the medium is stratified on both hydrodynamic components. It has been
shown that for a two-component medium, the
temperature field solutions exist, which are radically different from the known
earlier (for one-component medium). It has
been shown, that the addition of the stable salinity stratification to the
pre-existing stable temperature stratification can result in the essential
increase in the amplitude and penetration depth of the thermal disturbances
arising due to the inhomogeneities at the surface. The situations are feasible,
when the sign of temperature disturbances at the water surface layer is
opposite to the sign of stationary disturbance of the given heat inflow at the
surface area. Similar effects are possible in the atmosphere surface layer
taking into account the moisture stratification (Ingel’, 2001).
The
Previously Unexplored Mechanism of a Convective Instability
A previously unexplored mechanism of convective instability
in the two-component media
and near water-air interface has been found. This is a mechanism of convective
instability of the atmospheric boundary layer
over a water mass. In the air, stratified by moisture, vertical motions produce
variations in specific humidity (mixing ratio) near the interface surface.
This, in turn, causes variations in evaporation from the water surface and
horizontal thermal inhomogeneities that can, under certain conditions,
strengthen the initial vertical motions. In (Ingel’, 2002), the linear stability problem for the system under
consideration is solved. The results show the possibility of the development of
disturbances with horizontal scales of several hundred meters for a period of
about one hour even for a stable stratified atmospheric layer over a water
surface and in the absence of destabilizing velocity shears.
The semi-Lagrangian vorticity-divergence variable resolution model
The global finite-difference semi-Lagrangian
variable resolution numerical weather prediction model is developed and tested
(Tolstykh, 2001). The distinct
features of the presented model are the use of vorticity and divergence as
prognostic variables in conjunction with the fourth-order compact finite
differences on the unstaggered regular latitude-longitude grid. This model uses the set of parameterizations for subgrid
scale processes from French operational ARPEGE/IFS model. The results of the standard test
set for shallow water equations on the sphere demonstrate the accuracy and
computational efficiency of the 2D version of the model with the time steps
several times greater than in Eulerian model (Tolstykh, 2002).
References
Chkhetiani O.G., 2001:
On the helical nature of the Ekman boundary layer, Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic
Phys., 37, 615-622.
Dethloff, K., C.
Abegg, A. Rinke, I. Hebestadt, and V. F. Romanov, 2001: Sensitivity of Arctic
climate simulations to different boundary-layer parameterizations in a regional
climate model. Tellus, 53A, 1-26.
Dymnikov, V. P.,
2001: Adjoint Equations for Hydrodynamic-Type Systems. Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 37, 426-429.
Glazunov, A.
V, and V. P. Dymnikov, 2002:
Reproduction of the Atmospheric Response to Tropical Sea Surface Temperature
Anomalies by Means of a Fluctuation–Dissipation Relation. Izvestiya, Atmos.
Oceanic Phys., 38, 385-396.
Golitsyn, G. S., P.
F. Demchenko, I. I. Mokhov, and S. G. Priputnev, 1999: Tropical cyclones: Statistical regularities
of distribution functions depending on intensity and lifetime. Transactions
(Doklady) of RAS / Earth Science Section, 366, 537-542.
Gritsun, A. S., and
V. P. Dymnikov, 1999: Barotropic Atmosphere Response to Small External Actions:
Theory and Numerical Experiments. Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 35, 511-525.
Gryanik, V.M. and
J. Hartmann, 2002: A Turbulence Closure for the Convective Boundary Layer Based
on a Two-Scale Mass-Flux Approach. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2729–2744.
Ingel’, L.Kh.,
2001: Influence of Humidity Stratification on the Dynamics of Convective Plumes
and Thermals in the Atmosphere, Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 37, 592-598.
Ingel’, L.Kh.,
2002: Features of Turbulent Convection in a Two-Component Medium. Izvestiya,
Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 38,440-446.
Kurgansky, M.V.,
1999: Vorticity genesis in the moist atmosphere. Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 24,
959-961.
Kurgansky, M.V.,
2000: Statistical distribution of intense moist-convective helical vortices in
the atmosphere. Doklady Acad. Sci., 371, 240-242.
Kurgansky, M.V.,
and I.A. Pisnichenko, 2000: Modified Ertel's potential vorticity as a climate
variable. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 822-835.
Kurgansky, M.V,
2001: Physics of the tornado. In: Natural Disasters of Russia, Eds. V.I. Osipov
and S. Shoigu. Publishing House “Kruk”, Moscow, 182-196 (in Russian).
Kurgansky, M.V.,
2002: Adiabatic Invariants in Large-Scale Atmospheric Dynamics. Taylor &
Francis, London and New York, 202 pp.
Kurgansky, M.V., G.
Budillon, and E. Salusti, 2002: On tracers and potential vorticities in ocean
dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3562-3577.
Makshtas, A.P.,
S.V. Shoutilin, and V.F. Romanov, 2002: Sensitivity of modeled sea ice to
external forcing and parameterizations of heat exchange processes. Ice in the
Environment: Proc. Of the 16th IAHR Int, Symp. on Ice, Dunedin, New Zealand,
2-6 Dec., 2002, 90-98.
Mokhov, I.I., and
V. K. Petukhov, 2000: Atmospheric Centers of Action and Tendencies of Their
Change. Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 36, 292-299.
Ponomarev, V.M., A.A. Khapaev, and O.G. Chkhetiani, 2003: Helical structures in the Ekman boundary layer. Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 39.
Tolstykh, M.A., 2001: Semi-Lagrangian high resolution
model for numerical weather prediction. Rus. Meteorol. Hydrol., 4, 1-9.
Tolstykh, M.A., 2002: Vorticity-divergence
semi-Lagrangian shallow-water model on the sphere based on compact finite
differences. J. Comput. Phys., 179, 180-200.
Wiedenmann, J.M.,
A.R. Lupo, I.I. Mokhov, and E.V. Tikhonova, 2002: The climatology of blocking
anticyclones for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: Block intensity as a
Diagnostic. J. Climate, 15, 3459-3473
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE METEOROLOGY
A.A.
Krivolutsky
Central
Aerological Observatory,
Pervomayskaya
Str. 3, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia (alkriv@netclub.ru)
During 1999-2002 Russian scientists used actively the cooperation with
partners from Europe and United States as well as support from Russian Science
Foundation. Some interesting results have been obtained in Middle atmosphere
studies. Now we will make a focus on long-term variability of middle atmosphere
parameters and the effects of solar activity and of cosmic influence in
general. The processes in the D-region of ionosphere will be included partly
also. We did not include the problem of ozone change here (see Part
“Atmospheric Ozone” of this issue).
1.
LONG-TERM VARIABILITY
The problem of climate variability of the middle and higher atmosphere (
in range 20-300 km) was out of the focus of the investigators up to the
beginning of 80th. Long-term effects in this range of altitudes, not
connected to 11-cycle of solar activity, has been revealed only in the
beginning of 90th. Then different groups announced about the
results, which demonstrated such variability in different parameters of the
atmosphere based on measurements by different methods and instruments. Several
Russian groups had it own observations and initiated the organization
International Meeting “Cooling and subsidence of the middle and higher
atmosphere” (Moscow, 6-10 July 1998; see Review published by Golitsyn and
Givishvili, 1999).
This Workshop shows the future directions and focuses
for observations, data analysis, and numerical modeling. Now we will describe
briefly obtained results after Meeting in Moscow.
1.1
Temperature (observations)
Long-term temperature trends in the range of altitudes between 25-110 km
have been studied on the basis of rocket, radiophysical and optical Russian
measurements for middle latitudes (Lysenko et al, 1999), and 1955-1995 period.
It was shown that the levels of fixed temperature has negative trends in the
middle and higher atmosphere. Negative temperature trend (0.1-09 K/Y ) during
last decade between 25-100 km and positive trend (0.8 K/Y) at 110 km was found.
It was suppose that positive trend in temperature at 110 km was caused by a
subsidence of the atmosphere.
Long term
data of auroral ray heights according to Stormer’s measurements have been
analyzed with removing regular seasonal and solar activity variations (Starkov
et al., 2000). The result reveals a lon-term linear negative trend of mean
auroral heights (-0.8 km/y and -0.5 km/y) at heights 160-180 km during the
period from 1918 till 1944 and at 145 km for the period from 1957 till 1988,
respectively. There is satisfactory agreement with the atmospheric subsidence
for the period 1918-1944 and 1955-1995. Thus, there was a stable process of
middle and upper atmospheric cooling and subsidence over the 20th
century.
Seasonal dependence of the temperature trends in the mesosphere have
been investigated on the basis of OH emission measurements at different locations
(Golitsyn et al., 2000). Negative temperature trend for winter seasons (-0.92
K/Y) has been detected, but practically zero trend was found for summer.
Amplitudes and phases of seasonal harmonics were calculated for maximum and
minimum of solar cycles. Obtained results based on hydrogen radicals emissions
jointly with rocket and radiozonde observations would be useful for the
construction of new empirical models of the temperature regime of the middle
atmosphere.
The
velocity of atmospheric subsidence and the magnitudes of temperature trends was
investigated also in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere (Semenov et
al., 2000; Semenov et al., 2002) on the basis of temperature measurements not
only in Russia, but at several points in different countries including lidar
observations in Brazil. In accordance to lidar observations close correlation
between temperature and Na content exists and developed regression model gives
good correspondence for temperature with the temperature obtained by another
methods near 92 km level. The important result of this study is the estimation
of the atmospheric subsidence. For example, such subsidence at the level of NCL
(82-83 km) equals about -50 m/Y. So, respective trend in atmospheric density at
these altitudes is -1.5% per year. At the same time the increasing of solar
activity (if we use rather short intervals for analysis) leads to compensation
of described atmospheric subsidence, and, thus, the level of NLC may be
practically constant.
Excellent
Review devoted to temperature trends was published due to the efforts and help
from different groups and personals (Ramaswamy et al., 2001) including results
obtained by scientists from Russia. In Review the long-term trends from
approximately the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s period was presented. The
stratosphere has, in general, undergone considerable cooling over the past 3
decades. At northern midlatitudes the lower stratosphere cooling over the
1979-1994 period is strikingly coherent among the various data sets with regard
to magnitude and statistical significance. A substantial cooling occurs in
polar lower stratosphere during winter-spring; however, there is a large
dynamical variability in the northern polar region. The vertical profile of the
annual mean stratospheric temperature change in the northern midlatitude over
the 1979-1994 period is robast among the different data sets, with 0.75
K/decade cooling in the 20 to 35-km region and increasing cooling above (e.g.,
2.5 K/decade at 50 km). Model investigations into the cause or causes of the
observed temperature trends are also reviewed. Simulations based on on the
known changes in species concentrations indicate that the depletion of lower
stratospheric ozone is the major radiative factor in according for the
1979-1990 cooling trend in the global, annual-mean lower stratosphere (to 0.6
K/decade), with a substantially lesser contribution by the well-mixed
greenhouse gases. Ozone loss is also an important causal factor in the
latitude-month pattern of the lower stratospheric cooling trend. Uncertainties
arise due to incomplete knowledge of the vertical profile of ozone loss near
the tropopause. In the middle and upper stratosphere, both well-mixed
greenhouse gases and ozone changes contribute in an important manner to the
cooling, but model simulations underestimate the observed decadal-scale trend.
While there is a lack of reliable information on water vapor changes over the
1980s decade, satellite measurements in the early to middle 1990s indicate increases
in water vapor that could be a significant contributor to the cooling of the
global lower stratosphere.
Long-term
variations of atmospheric temperature at different isobaric surfaces above
central Antarctica were studied also (Makarova and Shirochkov, 2002). Data of
balloon sounding at two Antarctic stations Vostok and Amundsen-Scott (South
Pole) taken for the last 40 years were used in this study. It was found that
stratospheric temperature at both stations averaged seasonally or annually does
not demonstrate any meaningful correlation with correspondent sunspot number
variations, but the correlation with solar wind was found. At both geographic
poles, stratospheric temperature had the tendency to warming in 1972-1995. On
the other hand, temperature data for Vostok demonstrates clear tendency to
cooling for the same period. Authors give possible explanation for the
difference in temperature tendency for south pole and Vostok station by the
existence of different electrical parameters at these points.
1.2 Other
parameters (observations)
It should be mentioned that the essential part of the results of long-term measurements of the
temperature are based on systematic analysis of the long-term observations of
the emissions of hydroxyl and atomic oxygen 557.7 nm which give the possibility
to create empirical models for intensities, temperatures and heights of the
emissive layers. It was established that regular occurrence of the temperature
maximum for heights of 85-95 km with the period of solar activity exists
(Shefov et al., 2000). Distribution with height of the atomic oxygen
concentration for low and high solar activity conditions have been calculated
on the basis of an empirical model of 557.7 nm emission variations and its
photochemical theory. It was shown that there is the distinct correlation
between an increment of the temperature and the density of the atomic oxygen.
Apparently, a reaction of CO2 with O2 causes
this phenomenon. Additionally, on the basis on rocket and lidar data about
regular variations of the Na maximum and vertical distribution of its emission
in range 589-589.6 nm, a linear approximations (variations of Na during night, seasonal variations, variations in
solar cycle, long-term trend) have been obtained, as well as empirical model of
oxygen emission variations (Shefov et al. 2000; Fishkova et al., 2000, 2001a,
2001b).
Russian
rocket data for the period 1969-1993 was used to estimates linear trends in
pressure and density in addition to temperature trends. Four points of rocket
sounding locations at high (both hemispheres), middle and low (northern
hemisphere) latitudes were used for analysis. Linear regression model which
included seasonal harmonic, 11-solar cycle and equatorial wind QBO were
included in the model as well as linear trend. The results (Glazkov et al.,
1999) show that negative trend in both parameters above exists with increasing
magnitude above 30 km (zero trends) to its maximum in the mesosphere (-0.5 %/Y
in density and about -1.0%/Y for pressure at mid-latitudes). So, these results
support the idea of the atmospheric subsidence mentioned above. The results
obtained in this paper (Glazkov et al., 1999) leads also to the idea that
pressure or density long-term deficit may causes disturbances in photochemistry
of the mesosphere and corresponding trends in ozone and other species content
(Krivolutsky 1999; Krivolutsky et al., 2002). Calculated changes in ozone
content in the mesosphere are similar to observed ozone trends. Negative trend
of ozone was also found in the mesosphere on the basis of empirical model of
hydroxyl emission, atomic sodium, oxygen emission and analytical photochemical
model (Shefov and Semenov, 2002).
The only
direct and long-term measurements of electron density in the lower ionosphere
were made aboard rockets. However, such measurements are “snapshots” and,
therefore, it is practically impossible to find a long series of observations
under the same or comparable conditions. To eliminate this difficulty, a method
developed by Danilov (1997) for E-region was useful. Positive trends in
electron density was found (Danilov and Smirnova, 1999). Only non-winter data
were used for analysis. The winter time trend at 80 km is stronger, but with
much larger scatter of data. At 85 km the trend is weaker than at 80 km, and at
90 km the trend becomes insignificant. The observed by the authors positive
trends in electron densities are consistent with the reported by another
authors trend of decrease of the phase reflection heights. They are
qualitatively consistent with the idea of thermal shrinking of the mesosphere
and thermosphere as a consequence of cooling by greenhouse gases.
2. Dynamics
Dynamical processes in the middle atmosphere were in the focus of
different groups in Russia. Russian scientists participated and were active
also in different International scientific meetings presenting their results.
One of
the important part of this activity was investigation of gravity waves in the
middle atmosphere. Several report have been presented at 33rd
Assembly of COSPAR in Poland (Gavrilov et al., 2000; Belyev and Moiseenko,
2000; Savina and Molodzov, 2000; Bakhmet’eva et al., 2000; Benediktov, 2000).
Preliminary results, which demonstrate gravity wave structure in
infra-red emission of night sky have been presented (Gavrilyeva and Ammosov,
2001), and from radar observations (Gavrilov et al., 1999). Short period waves
with periods in range 1-2 h in the
atmosphere have been detected (Petrova and Shved, 1999; Shved et al, 1999).
Gravity wave parameterization for PSMOS studies was reported by Gavrilov et al.
(1999).
Rocket
data have been used to study the dynamical response of the lower ionosphere
(D-region). It was shown that lower atmosphere influence on the mesosphere and
lower thermosphere via wave propagation mostly by gravity waves (Vanina and
Danilov, 2001).
Middle
atmosphere spatial structure including its seasonal variations and planetary
waves were discussed in several publications (Krivolutsky et al., 1999;
Fakhrutdinov et al., 2000; Khoutorova et al., 2000; Fakhrutdinova et al.,
2000;Portnyagin et al., 2000; Kazimirovsky and Vergasova, 2000). Longitudinal
structure of tidal; components in the lower thermosphere was studied on the
basis of radars network (Merzlyakov et al., 1999). An empirical model of global
migrating tide winds have been developed on the basis of wind observations by
meteor radar in Russia (Portnyagin and Solovyova, 1999).
3. Effects
of solar activity
The interaction of solar activity processes and equatorial QBO phenomena
have been studied by different authors with a focus to the presence this
oscillation in solar activity indexes and UV solar flux (Gabis and Troshichev,
2003; Troshichev et al., 2000; Soukharev, 1999; Ivanov-Kholodny et al.,
2001).
Influence of variations of cosmic rays on atmospheric pressure and
temperature in the Southern pole region was found using aerological data at
Russian polar network (Egorova et al., 2000). Also Influence of the cosmic rays
and solar wind variations on atmospheric temperature in the southern polar
region (Troshichev et al., 2002).
Quasi-biennial oscillation effects were found in the polar mesosphere
and lower thermosphere (Fadel, et al., 2000).
So, it looks that we need to make a focus on a solar activity processes
as a possible factor, which determines QBO phenomena.
References
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Gravity waves and temporal variations of the brighness temperature of the
atmosphere in the different climate zones, presented at 33rd
Assembly of COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Belyev A. N. and K. B. Moiseenko, The gravity wave
forcing in the middle atmosphere, presented at 33rd Assembly of
COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Gabis I.P., and O.A.Troshichev, Influence of
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Solar_Terr. Phys., 62, 725-735, 2000
Gabis I., and O.Troshichev, Influence
of solar UV irradiance on quasi-biennial oscillations in the Earth’s
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Gavrilov, N. M., S. Fukao, T. Nakamura, Average
seasonal variations of IGW intensity and momentum fluxes in the mesosphere
region from the MU radar observations in 1986-1997, Presented at IUGG Assembly
in Birmingham, UK, 1999.
Gavrilov, N. G., and M. Taylor, Gravity wave
parameterization for PSMOS studies, Presented at IUGG Assembly in Birmingham,
UK, 1999.
Gavrilov, N. M., Ch. Jacobi, and D. Kurscher,
Climatology of ionospheric drift perturbations at Collm, Germany; Presented at
33rd Assembly of COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Gavrilyeva G. A., P. P. Ammosov, Observations of
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375-381, 2001.
Glazkov, V. N., A. I. Ivanovsky, and V. V.
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height- and time dependent fields of atmospheric pressure and density from
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Egorova
L.Y., V.Ya.Vovk, and O.A.Troshichev, Influence of variations of cosmic rays on
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955-966, 2000
Fadel, Kh., A. I. Semenov, and N. N. Shefov,
Quasi-biennial variations of the temperature at heights of the mesopouse and
lower thermosphere. Presented at 23th Annual seminar “Physics of auroral
phenomena. Preprint PGI 00-01-108. 2000.
Fakhritdinov, R. H., and A. V. Kuznetsov, The spatial
effects of the non-linear interaction between daily oscillations and seasonal
variations in the middle atmosphere, presented at 33rd Assembly of
COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Fakhrutdinova, A. N., Perevedencev, Y. P. Gurianov, V.
V. Kulikov, Dynamical processes correlation in midllatitude lower snd middle
atmosphere, presented at 33rd Assembly of COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Fishkova, L.M. N. M. Martsvaladze, and N.N. Shefov,
Patterns of variations in the 557.7 nm. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 40, 782-786,
2000.
Fishkova, L.M., N. M. Martsvaladze, and N.N. Shefov,
Long-term variations of the nighttime upper atmosphere sodium emission.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy , 41, 528-532, 2001a.
Fishkova, L.M., N. M. Martsvaladze, and N.N. Shefov,
Seasonal variations in the correlation of atomic oxygen 577.7 nm emission with
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2001b.
Kazimirovsky, E. D., and G. Vergasova, Non-zonal
effect in the dynamical structure of the midlaltitude MLT region, presented at
33rd Assembly of COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Khoutopova, O. G., R. H. Fakhrutdinov, and G. M.
Teptin, Seasonal structure of the middle atmospheric waves controlled by air
pollutions variability, presented at 33rd Assembly of COSPAR in
Poland, 2000.
Krivolutsky, A. A., Air pressure deficit over South
pole during Antarctic spring, its long-term variability and possible influence
on the photochemistry of ozone, Proceedings of the International Symposium
“Long-term changes and trends in the atmosphere”, Ed. by G. Beig, Pune, India,
Volume I, 341-350, 1999.
Krivolutsky, A. A., A. Ebel, A. Klyuchnikova, and M.
Banin, Middle atmosphere response to stationary tropospheric waves at high
latitudes of the southern hemisphere: 3D model study, Presented at the First
S-RAMP Conference, Sapporo, Japan, 1999.
Krivolutsky, A. A. T. Yu. Vyushkova, and V. N.
Glazkov, Long-term changes in chemical composition of the middle atmosphere
caused by the existence of trends in temperature and pressure: photochemical
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Lysenko, E. V., S. P. Perov, A. I. Semenov, N. N.
Shefov, V. A. Suhodeev, G. V. Givishvili, and L. N. Leshenko, Long-term trends
of yearly averaged temperature at the heights 25-110 km Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 35, 435-443,
1999.
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variability of stratospheric temperature above central Antarctica, Physics and
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Merzlyakov, E., Yu. Portnyagin, Ch. Jacobi, N.
Mitchel, H. Muller, A. Manson,A. Fakhrutdinova, W. Singer, and P. Hoffman, On
the longitudinal structure of gravity waves, tides, and PWs in the mesosphere:
observations using mainly the MLT-MF radars in the north-american/pacific
sector, Presented at IUGG Assembly in Birmingham, UK, 1999.
Petrova, L. N., and G. M. Shved, The first detection
of free oscillations of the atmosphere in the 1-2 h period range, Presented at
IUGG Assembly in Birmingham, UK, 1999.
Portnyagin, Yu., and T. Solovyova, Empirical global
migrating diurnal tide wind model for the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere,
Presented at IUGG Assembly in Birmingham, UK, 1999.
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Gafeen, M. Gelman, P. Keckhut, Yu. Koshelkov, K. Labitzke, J. J. R. Lin, A.
O’Neil, J. Nash, W. Randel, R. Rood, M. Shiotani, R. Swinbank, and K. Shine,
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Geophysics, 39, N 2, 71-122, 2001.
Savina, O. N., and A. A. Molodzov, The lowest mode of
acoustic gravity waves and its instability in the nonisothermal atmosphere,
presented at 33rd Assembly of COSPAR in Poland, 2000.
Shefov, N. N., A. I. Semenov, N. N. Pertsev, and V. A.
Sukhodoev, The spatial distribution of gravity wave energy influx into
mesopouse over a mountain Lee, Phys. Chem. Earth, 25, N 5-6, 541-545, 2000.
Shefov, N. N., A. I. Semenov, and O. T. Yurchenko,
Empirical model of atomic Na emission variations during night 1 Intensity,
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 40, N 1, 123-128, 2000.
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of atomic Na emission variations during night 2. Height of emission layer,
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Shefov, N. N., A. I. Semenov, and N. N. Pertsev,
Dependence of the amplitude of the temperature enhancement maximum and atomic
oxygen concentrations in the mesopause region on season and solar activity
level, Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 25, N 5-6, 537-539, 2000.
Shefov, N. N., and A. I. Semenov, The long-term trend
of ozone at heights from 80 to 100 km at mid-latitude mesopause for nocturnal conditions,
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 535-542, 2002.
Shved, G. M. , L. N. Petrova, and O. S. Polyakova,
Penetrating the Earth’s free oscillations with the 54 min period into the
atmosphere, Presented at IUGG Assembly in Birmingham, UK, 1999.
Semenov, A. I., N. N. Shefov, G. V. Givishvili, L. N.
Leshenko, E. V. Lysenko, V. Ya, Rusina, L. M. Fishkova, N. M. Marcvladze, T. I.
Toroshelidze, B. L. Kasheev, and A. N. Oleynikov, Seasonal features of
long-term temperature trends of the middle atmosphere, Doklady of Russian
Academy of Science, 374, ¹ 6, 816-819, 2000.
Semenov, A. I., N. N. Shefov, E. V. Lysenko, G. V.
Givishvili, and A. V. Tikhonov, The season peculiarities of behavior of the
long-term temperature trends in the middle atmosphere on the mid-latitudes,
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 27, 529-534, 2002.
Starkov, G. V., L. S. Yevlashin, A. I. Semenov, and N.
N. Shefov, Subsidence of the Thermosphere During the 20th Century
According to Measurements of Auroral Heights, 25, ¹ 5-6á
547-550á 2000.
Troshichev O.A., I.P.Gabis, L.V.Egorova, V.Ya.Vovk,
and A.V.Frank-Kamenetsky, Influence of the short-term variations of the solar
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249-285, 2000
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the cosmic rays and solar wind Influence of the cosmic rays and solar wind
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2001.
PHYSICS OF CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATIONS
A. A. Chernikov
Central
Aerological Observatory,
Pervomayskaya Str. 3, 141700 Dolgoprudny,
Moscow Region, Russia (albert@orm.mipt.ru)
1.
Cloud Physics
1.1 Condensation nuclei, ice nuclei, and atmospheric
aerosol
A monograph on the physics of
atmospheric aerosols has been published [1]. At the experimental base of the
Main Geophysical Observatory, atmospheric aerosol concentrations within the
particle size range of 0.3-1 mm have been measured at the fall
out of liquid and solid-state precipitation. The intensity of both dry and wet
deposition has been evaluated using a numerical model of a convective cloud
[4]. The evolution of a volcano plum has been investigated through numerical
modeling [5,6]. The feasibility has been studied of the radar detection of
clouds that form following accidents at nuclear power plants [3] and of radar
estimation of the resulting radionuclid contamination of the environment [9]. A
unit to detect and monitor accident emission [10] has been offered.
The results have been summarized of
the systematic measurements of total atmospheric aerosol and ice nuclei
concentration conducted at Dolgoprudny (20 km north of Moscow) in 1987-2000.
The measured mean semiannual concentrations of submicron particles (0,0075 – 1 mm), large nuclei (0,3 – 10 mm), and ice nuclei have
revealed no marked trends during that period [11]. Atmospheric aerosol
concentrations were measured in Moscow Region during the summer 2002 smoking
event. Scavenging coefficients for different particle sizes have been estimated
[12].
Informative potentials have been
assessed of up-to-date instrumentation complexes on board weather satellites
designed to study the gaseous and aerosol composition of the atmosphere [13].
1.
Ivlev, L.S., Dovgaluk, Yu..A. Physics of atmospheric
aerosol systems. – St. Petersburg, Izdanie NIICh St. Petersburg , 2000. – 256
p. (in Russian).
2.
Veremei, N.E. On the impact of suspended coarsely
dispersed aerosol particles on a convective flow in the troposphere. // Vestnik
St. Petersburg GU, ser. 4 (Physics and Chemistry). 1998. Vyp..2, No. 11, p. 18
– 24 (in Russian).
3.
Veremei, N.E., Dovgaluk, Yu..A., Savchenko, I.A.,
Sinkevich, A.A., Stepanenko, V.D. Investigating the feasibility of the radar
detection of clouds formed in the atmosphere during accidents at nuclear power
stations. Izvestiya, Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 1999, V.35, No. 4, p. 523 – 530 (in
Russian).
4.
Veremei, N.E., Dovgaluk, Yu..A., Egorov, A.D.,
Ishchenko, M.A., Ponomarev, Yu.F., Sinkevich, A.A., Stalevich, D.D.,
Stepanenko, V.D., Khvorostovsky, K.S. Investigation of the wet deposition of
aerosol particles by clouds and precipitation. Meteorol. Hydrol., 1999, No. 8,
p.5 – 14 (in Russian).
5.
Ivlev, L.S., Dovgaluk, Yu..A., Veremei, N.E. The
impact of solid coarsely dispersed aerosol particles on the evolution of a
volcanic plume. Optica Atmosphery i Okeana , 2000, V.13, No. 6 – 7, p. 588 – 591 (in Russian).
6.
Ivlev, L.S., Dovgaluk, Yu..A., Veremei, N.E. Numerical
modeling of a volcanic plume in the absence of condensation. Optica Atmosphery
i Okeana, 2000, V.13, No. 6 – 7, p.592 – 597 (in Russian).
7.
Drozdetsky, S.E., Kubrin, V.I., Stepanenko, V.D.,
Dovgaluk, Yu.A., Sinkevich, A.A., Saakian, A.G., Galperin, S.M., Voronkov,
V.D., Ishchenko, M.A., Veremei, N.E. A system of the active protection of
population from radioactive emission of nuclear works (as applied to the
nuclear power station in Sosnovyi Bor). Pilot Project. – St. Petersburg, 1998.
– 117 p. (in Russian).
8.
Stepanenko, V.D., Dovgaluk, Yu.A., Drozdetsky, S.E.,
Sinkevich, A.A., Galperin, S.M., Kubrin, V.I., Sinkevich, A.A., Vaksenburg,
S.I., Savchenko, I.A., Veremei, N.E., Emelianova, V.N. Radar-lidar detection
and tracking of radioactive emission and clouds formed due to accidents at
nuclear power stations. Transactions of the International Ecological Symposium
“Promising information technologies and problems of risk management on the eve
of the new millenium”, ÑÏá, ÌÀÍÝÁ, 2000. V.2, p. 338 – 344 (in Russian).
9.
Dovgaluk, Yu..A., Sinkevich, A.A., Stepanenko, V.D.,
Kubrin, V.I., Ishchenko, M.A., Veremei, N.E. Numerical estimates of environment
contamination by radionuclids washed out from the atmosphere by natural and
artificially induced precipitation (rain, snow), based on radar data.
Transactions of the International Ecological Symposium “Promising information
technologies and problems of risk management on the eve of the new millenium”,
St. Petersburg, MANEB, 2000. V.2, p. 405 – 410 (in Russian).
10.
Patent for invention No.14096, 1999. «Identifier of
radioactive emissions to the atmosphere” (authored by Stepanenko, V.D.,
Galperin, S.M., Sinkevich, A.A., Kubrin, V.I. et al) (in Russian).
11.
Plaude N.O., Vychuzhanina M.V. Aerosol particle size
distribution, total number and IN concentration in Moscow Region. Proc. 15th
ICNAA, USA, August 2000.
12.
Plaude, N.O., Vychuzhanina, M.V. Monalhova, N.A., Grishina, N.P. The microstructure of aerosol in Moscow region
in the abnormal September 2002. IX Working Group. Aerosols of Siberia.
Abstracts. Tomsk, 2002, p. 40 – 41 (in Russian).
13.
Chernikov, A.a., Borisov, Yu.A., Ivanovsky, A.I.,
Glazkov, V.N., Bankova, T.V., Chayanova, E.A. Data acquisition potentials of
the US-Russia research complex for space-borne observations of gaseous and
aerosol constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere “Meteor 3M/SAGE-III”.
Proceedings of the International Symposium of CIS States on Atmospheric
Radiation (ÌÑÍÐ-02). St. Petersburg , 18-21
June 2002, p. 6-7 (in Russian).
1.2 Cloud physics studies
Data on convective cloud features in the northwestern region of Russia
are summarized [14]. In [15], a review is presented of the investigations in
cloud physics and artificial cloud modification conducted at the Main
Geophysical Observatory since its foundation.
The effect of the ionization of medium on phase and microstructural
water transformations and on electrization processes leading to the formation
of thunderstorm clouds has been investigated in the laboratory [16,15,17].
Ground measurements of freezing precipitation for a decade are summarized and
the corresponding charts for the territory of Russia are constructed [18].
The Russian high-altitude airplane M-55 “Geophysika” was employed in
pioneering collaborative European-Russian studies of the Antarctic and tropical
upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where the dramatic changes observed
(ozone hole, chemical and dynamic processes) affect the Earth’s climate. In the
framework of the European projects such as APE-GAIA, APE-THESEO, and APE-INERA,
in which Russian scientists take part, the high-altitude airplane has been
equipped with high-precision instruments to measure atmospheric composition;
the data of the unique aircraft expeditions have been analyzed [19].
A hygrometer has been created that can operate at very low temperatures
[20]. The hygrometer installed on board M-55 “Geophysika” has furnished data
relevant to the nature of cloud formation in the zone of the equatorial
tropical tropopause. In particular, zones with supersaturation over ice were
found at the upper boundary of clouds (sub-visible cirrus) [21]. It is shown
that at stratospheric levels, within the ozone hole, chemical ozone destruction
exceeded 85 %. The clouds detected in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause
are an important element in the balance of water vapor penetrating to the stratosphere
and affecting the radiation characteristics and chemical composition of the
atmosphere [22].
A technique has been developed to estimate the skill score of the Earth
surface observation from space under cloudy conditions, using climatic data on
mean cloud amount. The technique makes it unnecessary to use archives of daily
satellite-borne data on total cloud amount [23].
14. Sinkevich, A.A.
Convestive clouds in the northwest of Russia. – St. Petersburg,
Gidrometeoizdat, 2001. – 108 p. (in Russian).
15. Dovgaluk Yu.A.,
Sinkevich, A.A., Stepanenko, V.D. Investigations in cloud physics and
artificial weather modification. Collected Articles to Commemorate the 150th
Anniversary. 1999, V.1, p. 146 – 162 (in
Russian).
16. Dovgaluk, Yu.A.,
Ponomarev, Yu.F., Pershina, T.A.,
Sinkevich, A.A., Stepanenko, V.D. Studying electrical impacts on fog
microstructure (laboratory experiments). Recent investigations of the Main
Geophysical Observatory. Collected Articles to Commemorate the 150th
Anniversary. 1999, V.1, p. 270 – 284 (in
Russian).
17. Stepanenko, V.D.,
Dovgaluk, Yu.A., Sinkevich, A.A., Veremei, N.E., Ponomarev, Yu.F., Pershina,
T.A. Èññëåäîâàíèå Studying the
effect of electric charges on phase and microstructural water transformations in clouds. –
Meteorologia I Gidrologia, 2002, No. 3,
p. 39 – 50 (in Russian).
18. Bezrukova N.À., Minina L.S., Naumov À.Ya Freezing Precipitation Climatology in the Former European USSR. 13th International Conference on Clouds and
Precipitation. Reno, Nevada USA, 14-18 August 2000.
19. Ulanovsky, A.E.,
Yushkov, V.A., Sitnikov, N.M., Raveniani, F. Fast Aircraft Chemiluminescence
Ozonometer FOZAN-II. Izv. RAN, Pribory i Technika Experimenta,
2001, No.2, p.127-135 (in Russian).
20. Mezrin M.Yu.,
Starokoltsev E.V. Aircraft
Condensation Hygrometer. 13th International Conference on Clouds and
Precipitation. Reno, Nevada USA, 14-18 August 2000.
21. Mezrin M.Yu., Starokoltsev E.V. Aircraft Condensation Hygrometer and some
results of measuring humidity in the zone of the equatorial tropopause. J.
Atmos. Res., V. 59-60, 2001, p. 331-341.
22. Yushkov, V.A.,
Sitnikov, N.M., Ulanovsky, A.E., Raveniani, F., Redaelli, G. Measurements of
ozone and water vapor in the Antarctic polar stratospheric cyclone from board
the high-altitude aircraft M-55 “Geophysika”. Izvestiya, Atmos. Okean. Phys., 2001, V.37, No.3, p.
297-302.
23. Vorobiev, B.I.,
Rozanova, I.V., Rozanov, R.E. A priori estimation of the potential skill score
of the Earth’s surface observation from space using climatic data on the total
cloud amount. Issledovaniye Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 1, 2002 (in Russian).
1.3 In situ and remote techniques for sounding
clouds and fogs
Investigations of the structure of mesoscale convective systems over the
Sea of Japan were conducted using the instrumentation mounted on board IL-18
aircraft. The range of scales in studying the vertical moisture transport has
been considerably extended. The weight of different scales from 10 m to 50 km
in the integral moisture transport and the spatial variability of the latter
have been investigated. The fraction of turbulence has been determined that
accounts for 1/3 to 1/6 of the integral moisture transport [24, 25]. Turbulent
heat and moisture fluxes in the convective atmospheric boundary layer leading
to the formation on its upper bound of a cloud layer have been studied (11-20).
Paper [26] is devoted to the
investigation of heat, moisture and impulse fluxes in the convective boundary
layer from board specially equipped flight vehicles (the aircraft DO-128,
FALCON 20-E5, and helicopter-towed measurement complex "Helipod") in
the environs of the Lindenberg Observatory (Germany).
Papers [27, 28] describe the instruments and techniques to study the
atmosphere (including clouds) from board the Russian aircraft weather lab IL-18;
they also present a description of the experiment to study the convective
atmospheric boundary layer in Yakutsk area during April-June 2000. Papers and
reports [29-35] discuss the results of the aircraft studies of the convective
atmospheric boundary layer in Yakutsk area
in April-June 2000.
Radar and radar-radiometric methods of
cloud and fog investigation have been further developed in order to
improve the accuracy of radar measurements of precipitation, a method of Z-R
ratio on-line specification has been worked out on the basis of two-wave
measurements of radar signal attenuation in clouds [36]. An automated
meteorological system to control fog parameters during fog-clearing operations
has been created [37]. Radar-radiometer studies of winter precipitation-generating
cloud systems were carried out using the microwave radiometer developed at CAO
[38, 39, 40].
Summarized are experimental data on turbulent and
convective motions in the lower troposphere which favor the formation in it of
convective clouds [41].
Previously unavailable experimental data are first presented on
temperature, wind, and, in particular detail, humidity in the vicinity of the
equatorial tropopause over the Indian Ocean. Cases of the formation inside the
tropopause and above the troposphere of clouds that form due to the presence in
this area of local saturation zones in
the ridges of internal gravitation waves near the tropopause [42,43].
24. Mezrin M.Yu., Starokoltsev E.V., Fujiyoshi Y. Investigations of the Structure
of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Sea of Japan. Conference of the
European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, 21-26 April, 2002.
25. Mezrin M.Yu., Starokoltsev E.V., Fujiyoshi Y. The contribution
of different scales to integral moisture transport (Based on Investigations
over the Sea of Japan, 2001). J. Atmos.
Res. 2003 (in print).
26. Strunin, M. A.,
Beyrich, F. and Baumann, R.: 2000, ‘Aircraft Investigations of the Turbulence
Structure and Turbulent Fluxes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over the
Lindenberg Area’, Deutscher Wetterdienst Forschung und Entwicklung,
Arbeitsergebnisse, 63, Offenbach am Main, 28 pp.
27. Hiyama T., M.
Strunin: 2001, 'Aircraft observations over Yakutsk region in Intensive
Observation period (IOP) 2000', GAME Publication 26, Activity Report of
GAME-Siberia 2000, Japan, National Committee for GAME, 45 - 50.
28. Strunin M., M.
Mezrin: 2001, 'Russian instruments used aboard Ilyushin-18 aircraft during
Intensive Observation period (IOP) 2000 in Yakutsk Region', GAME Publication
26, Activity Report of GAME-Siberia 2000, Japan, National Committee for GAME,
51 - 56.
29. Strunin M.A., T.
Hiyama, J. Asanuma: 2001, 'Aircraft observations and scaling of the thermal
internal boundary layer in the convective boundary layer over non-homogeneous
land surface. Proceedings of the 4th
International Conference on GEWEX, 9 -14 September, 2001, Paris, France, 148.
30. Hiyama T., M. A.
Strunin, J. Asanuma, M. Y. Mezrin, R. Suzuki and T. Ohata: 2001, 'Spatial and
seasonal variations of heat and carbon dioxide fluxes in the atmospheric
boundary layer over non-homogeneous surface in Eastern Siberia derived from
aircraft observations', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on
GEWEX, 9 -14 September, 2001, Paris, France, 76.
31. Strunin M.A., T.
Hiyama and J. Asanuma: 2001, ‘Development of thermal internal boundary layer
and scaling of convective boundary layer over non-homogeneous land surface
based on aircraft observations’, Proceedings of the Fifth International Study
Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME, 3 – 5 October, 2001, Nagoya, Japan, 3,
709 – 714.
32. Hiyama, T., M.A.
Strunin, J. Asanuma, M. Mezrin, R. Suzuki, and T. Ohata: 2001, ‘Flux
distributions of heat and carbon dioxide in the atmospheric boundary layer over
non-homogeneous surface in Eastern Siberia’, Proceedings of the Fifth
International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME, 3 – 5 October, 2001,
Nagoya, Japan, 2, 307 – 314.
33. Asanuma, J., T.
Hiyama, M.A. Strunin, M.Y. Mezrin, R. Suzuki, and T. Ohata: 2001, 'Spatial
scales relevant to the heat and scalar transports over Siberian Taiga forest
revealed with aircraft observations', Proceedings of the Fifth International
Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME, 3 – 5 October, 2001, Nagoya, Japan,
2, 449.
34. Hiyama T., M.A.
Strunin, J. Asanuma, M.Y. Mezrin, R. Suzuki, N.A. Bezrukova and T. Ohata: 2002,
'Aircraft observation of the atmospheric boundary layer over non-homogeneous
surface in Eastern Siberia', Hydrological Processes (in print).
35. Strunin M.A., T.
Hiyama, J. Asanuma and T. Ohata: 2002, 'Aircraft observations of the
development of thermal internal boundary layers and scaling of the convective
boundary layer over non-homogeneous land surfaces', Bound. Layer Meterol., (in
print).
36. Melnichuk Yu.V.,
Pavlyukov Yu.B. Operational adjustment
of Z-R relation coefficients for radar rainfall accuracy improvement by
Dual-wave attenuation measurements. Proc. 30th
International Conf. On radar Meteorology, Munich, Germany, 18-24 July
2001, American Meteorol. Soc., Boston, USA, pp. 592-593.
37. Khaikine M.N.,
Koldaev A.V., Miller E.A., Mironov A.V.
Automatic meteosystem for fog parameters monitoring. Proc. of WMO Technical
Conf. On Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of
Observation (TECO-2002). Bratislava, WMO, IOM
¹ 75, d. 1.1(4), 4 p.
38. Koldaev A.V.,
Troitsky A.V., Kadygrov V.E., Miller E.A., Pavlyukov Yu.B. Some results of
radar-radiometer study of winter clouds within AIRS project. Abstracts of special meeting on Microwave Remote Sensing,
5-9 November 2001, Boulder, USA, p. 61-62.
39. Koldaev A.V.,
Troitsky A.V., Strapp W., Melnichuk
Yu.V., Pavlyukov Yu.B. Case study of the characteristics of a snow storm
associated with an aircraft accident at Detroit (9 January 1997). Absracts of
special meeting on Microwave Remote Sensing, 5-9 November 2001, Boulder, USA,
p. 85.
40. Koldaev, A.V.,
Kadygrov, V.E., Miller, E.A. Some results of the radar-radiometer studies of
winter cloud parameters in the framework of AIRS project. Trudy ÕÕ Vserossiyskoy Conferentsii po Rasprostrananiyu
Radiovoln. Nizhny Novgorod, 2-4 July 2002, p. 344-345 (in Russian).
41. Shmeter, S.M.,
Strunin, M.A. Peculiarities of the structure and energy of turbulence in the
lower troposphere. Meteorologia I Gidrologia, No.10, 1998 (in Russian).
42. Mezrin, M.Yu.,
Shmeter, S.M. New experimental data on the spatial meso-variability of air
humidity near the equatorial tropical tropopause. Meteorologia I Gidrologia,
No.4, 2003 (in print) (in Russian).
43. Shmeter, S.M.,
Postnov, A.A., Shur, G.N. New data on mesoscale and turbulent oscillations of
temperature and wind in the zone of
tropical tropopause. Meteorologia I Gidrologia, No. 3, 2003 (in print) (in
Russian).
2. Artificial weather modification
2.1 Agents
and Technical Aids
The historical role of pyrotechnics in the development of the Russian
cloud modification means is evaluated [44]. Based on the extensive laboratory
studies of the efficiency of currently employed and newly developed ice-forming
agents, a new 8% silver iodide pyrotechnic substance with increased efficiency
and weather modification aids using it (a cartridge and an anti-hail rocket)
have been created [45, 46]. New data have been obtained on the dependence of
cloud dissipation on the concentration of the ice-forming aerosol vented into
the cloud and on differences in the behavior of coolants and ice-forming
aerosol [47]. Research is under way to develop hygroscopic agents to act upon
clouds in order to enhance precipitation. Based on a one-dimensional numerical
model of a convective cloud, optimal characteristics of hygroscopic agent
particles to produce a precipitation enhancement effect have been estimated
[48]. A manual on the technique of
laboratory checking of pyrotechnic agent efficiency has been compiled [49].
44.
Chernikov, A.A., Plaude, N.O. The role of pyrotechnics
in the development of domestic artificial modification of clouds and new
objectives. Trudy II Vserossiyskoy Conferentsii “Sovremennye Problemy
Pirotechniki, Sergiyev Posad, 21-22 November 2002 (in print) (in Russian).
45.
Kim, N.S., Korneyev, V.P., Nesmeyanov, P.A., Plaude,
N.O., Shkodkin, À.V. Current tendencies in the
development of pyrotechnics for
artificial weather modification. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti Gidrometeorologii
I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG,
posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po
Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April 2002, Sektsiya 4,
p. 57-59 (in Russian).
46.
Chernikov, A.A., Plaude, N.O., Kim, N.S., Korneyev,
V.P., Nesmeyanov, P.A., Dubinin, V.N., Sidorov, A.I. New Russian pyrotechnics
to seed supercooled clouds. Reports at the II Vserossiyskoy Conferentsii
“Sovremennye Problemy Pirotechniki, Sergiyev Posad, 21-22 November 2002 (in print) (in Russian).
47.
Bazzaev T.V., Plaude N.O. On the difference in the behavior of cooling
agents and ice-forming aerosols in clouds.
Proc. 7th WMO Sci. Conf. on Weather. Modification, Thailand, 1999, WMO
Report No.31, Vol.2, pp. 303 – 304.
48.
Vladimirov, S.A. Numerical experiments in modeling the
formation of cloud drops spectrum during hygroscopic seeding of a sub-cloud
layer. Physika Oblakov i Aktivnyie Vozdeystviya. Sbornik Statey Pamyati N.S.
Shishkina, Gidrometeoizdat (in print) (in
Russian).
49.
Plaude, N.O., Sosnikova, E.V., Grishina, N.P. RD
52.11.639-2002. Methodical Guide. The technique of estimating the efficiency of
ice-forming agents and pyrotechnics in laboratory conditions. Gidrometeoizdat,
St. Petersburg, 2002, 26 p. (in Russian).
2.2 Artificial precipitation enhancement
The
activity of Russia in the field of artificial modification of
hydrometeorological processes is described [50]. An analytical review is
presented of the problem of precipitation regime changes on the territory from
the lee side of the area of precipitation enhancement operations First analyzed
and summarized are experimental data on the effects causing cloud modification
in zones adjacent to the lee side of the area where clouds of different classes
are acted upon [51].
A readily removable
aircraft complex of technical aids for cloud seeding by various types of
ice-forming agents and coolants (silver iodide aerosol, granulated solid
carbonic acid, liquefied nitrogen) [52, 53] and a readily removable air-borne
measurement-computation complex to conduct weather modification operations have
been developed [54].
50.
Chernikov, A.A. Activities in artificial modification
of hydrometeorological processes in Russia. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po
Rezultatam Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Plenarnaya chast, p. 27-31 (in Russian).
51.
Shmeter, S.M., Korneyev, V.P. Changes in precipitation
regime on the lee side of the zone of artificial cloud modification.
Meteorologia i Gidrologia, No. 12, 2000, p. 35-46 (in Russian).
52. Beriulev, G.P., Korneyev,
V.P., Petrov, V.V., Fedorov, O.K. State-of-the-Art and prospects of the
development of aircraft technical weather modification means. Abstracts.
Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na
Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy, Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p.1-3 (in
Russian).
53 Beriulev, G.P., Korneyev,
V.P., Petrov, V.V., Fedorov, O.K. An aircraft technical weather modification
complex for operational activities. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti Gidrometeorologii
I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG,
posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po
Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April 2002, Sectsiya 4,
p. 19-21 (in Russian).
54. Beriulev, G.P., Korneyev,
V.P., Petrov, Skuratov, S.N., Volkov, V.V. A new-generation aircraft
measurement and computation complex for artificial weather modification and
studies of the atmosphere and clouds. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Sektsiya 4, p. 23-24 (in Russian).
2.3 Artificial modification of hail processes for hail protection
The ecological safety of
the Russian hail-protection technology has been estimated and ecological conditioning by the Russian
Federation Hail-Protection Paramilitary Services has been performed
[55,56]. It is established that the
maximum concentration of detrimental rocket hail- protection wastes in the
atmosphere, soil, and open water reservoirs is 104-107
time less than the maximum permissible concentration.
A statistical estimate has been
obtained of the economic efficiency of the Russian hail-protection technology
employed in the Russian Federation, CIS states, Argentina, and Brazil,
which shows that nearly everywhere the
technology provides a statistically significant 76-90% reduction of loss from
hail [57, 58].
An automated technology of
artificial hail processes modification has been developed on the basis of the
soft-hardware complex ASU “Antigrad” [59-61], which enables increasing the
efficiency of hail protection to 85-90%. The improved efficiency together with
the reduced hail-protection costs were made possible by upgrading the methods
of identifying the categories of hail-hazardous clouds based on the measurement
and calculation of a set of radar cloud characteristics [62-64].
Developed, tested and
introduced to practice are some new crystallizing agents in the form of
propellants, the anti-hail rockets “Alazan-CM15”, “Alazan-5” and “Alazan-6”, an
new-generation small-size automated rocket complex “Alan”, and universal
automated facility “Darg-PU” to launch different types of rockets using
replaceable unified packs of launching guides [65].
Summarized are the data on
thunderstorm features in the Caucasus [66]. Thunderstorm development in a
convective cloud is analyzed [67].
55.
Abshaev M.T. Estimation of Ecological Purity of
Russian Hail Suppression Technology.
Proc. 7th WMO Sci. Conf. on Weather. Modification, Thailand, 1999, WMO
Report No.31, Vol.2, pp. 553 – 557.
56.
Abshaev M.T. Estimation of Ecological Purity of the
Russian Rocket-Borne Hail Suppression Technology. Trudy Mezhdunarodnoy Conferentsii po Aktivnym
Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy. Cheboksary, 2000, p. 32-40 (in Russian).
57.
Abshaev M.T.
Efficiency of Russian Hail Suppression Technology in Different Regions
of the World. Proc. 7th WMO Sci. Conf. on Weather. Modification, Thailand,
1999, WMO Report No.31, Vol.2, pp. 411 – 415.
58.
Abshaev M.T., Malkarova A.M. Results of Hail
Suppression Project in Argentina. Proc.
7th WMO Sci. Conf. on Weather. Modification, Thailand, 1999, WMO Report No.31, Vol.2,
pp. 391 – 395.
59.
Makitov V. ,
Stasenko V.N. An Automated Rocket Hail
Suppression System. Proc. 7th WMO Sci.
Conf. On Weather Modification, Thailand, 1999, WMO Report No. 31, Vol.2,
pp.403-407
60.
Abshaev M.T. An automated rocket-borne hail-protection
technology and results of its application in different regions of the world.
Trudy Mezhdunarodnoy Conferentsii po Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye
Protsessy. Cheboksary, 2000, p. 23-32
(in Russian).
61.
Abshaev, M.T. New-generation automated rocket-borne
hail-protection complexes. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Sektsiya 4, p. 6-11 (in Russian).
62.
Abshaev M.T.
Evolution of Seeded and Unseeded Hailstorms. Proc. 7th
WMO Sci. Conf. on Weather Modification,
Thailand, 1999, WMO
Report No. 31, Vol.2, pp.
407-411.
63.
Abshev, M.T., Senov, Kh.M. On an algorithm to
determine the parameters of hail cloud microstructure. Trudy PGGMU,
vyp.76, 2001, p. 67-79 (in Russian).
64.
Abshaev, M.T., Malkarova, A.M., Tebuev, A.D. Radar
control of the efficiency of artificial modification of hail processes. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Sektsiya 4, p. 12-14 (in Russian).
65.
Abshaev, M.T., Varenykh, N.M. et al. Technical means
using pyrotechnic aerosol generators for artificial cloud modification. The II Vserossiyskoy Conferentsii
“Sovremennye Problemy Pirotechniki, Sergiyev Posad, 21-22 November 2002, p. 63-76 (in Russian).
66.
Adjiev, A.Kh. Climatological and physico-statistical
characteristics of thunderstorms in the Caucasus. Trudy VGI, Issue 90, 1999,
p.64-70 (in Russian).
67.
Adjiev, A.Kh., Kapov, P.Kh., Sizhazhev, S.M.
Thunderstorm development in convective clouds. Trudy VGI, Issue 91, 2001, p.90-99 (in Russian).
2.4
Artificial
dissipation of fogs
The supercooled fog
dissipation technique using liquid nitrogen continues to be upgraded. As a
results of laboratory and field studies, ground nitrogen generators of ice
particles have been created enabling effective fog dissipation at temperatures
close to zero [68]. Nitrogen generators are employed in experimental
fog-clearing operations at motorways and airports. An up-to-date
three-dimensional numerical model of fog has been constructed which is used to
control these operations [69]. A guide
regulating the organization and performance of such activities has been
published [70,71].
Work to create methods and
technical means for artificial warm fog dissipation was being done. Developed and tested was an electrostatic
technique of fog droplet precipitation to be used at motorways and airports
[72,73] and a technique of warm fog dissipation at airports using thermal
systems was investigated [74].
68.
Vlasiuk, M.P., Bankova, N.Yu., Koloskov, B.P.,
Krasnovskaya, L.I., Sergeyev, B.N., Chernikov, A.A. State-of-the-art and
prospects of the development of artificial fog dissipation techniques. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Sektsiya 4, p. 35-38 (in Russian).
69.
Bankova, N.Yu., Koloskov, B.P., Krasnovskaya, L.I.,
Sergeyev, B.N., Chernikov, A.A.
Development of an automated system of nitrogen generators to dissipate
supercooled fogs at motorways. Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po
Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye
Protsessy. Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001,
p. 48-51 (in Russian).
70.
Krasnovskaya, L.I., Khizhnyak, A.N., Sergeyev, B.N.,
Bankova, N.Yu. RD 52.11.638-2002 Methodical Guide. Carrying out artificial
supercooled fog dissipation activities at airports by means of ground technical
aids using liquid nitrogen. Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 2003, (in print)
(in Russian).
71.
Vlasiuk. M.P., Beriulev, G.P., Chernysh, B.I., Mukiy,
N.G., Kochetov, N.M., Korotkova,
L.A. RD 52.11.640-2002 Methodical Guide.Ì Using the technique of artificial supercooled fog
dissipation at motorways.
Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 2002, 26 p. (in Russian).
72.
Chernikov A.A., Khaikine M.N. Warm fog dispersal at the highway
Venice-Trieste using electric
precipitator. Proc. of the Second
Conference on Fog and Fog Collection, St.John[s, Newfoundland, Canada, 2001,
pp. 481-484.
73.
Chernikov A.A., Khaikine M.N. Artificial fog dissipation at motorways by
electrostatic techniques. Meteorologia
I Gidrologia, 2002, No.3, p.51-60 (in
Russian).
74.
Bankova, N.Yu., Koloskov, B.P., Krasnovskaya, L.I.,
Sergeyev, B.N., Chernikov, A.A. Khaikine
M.N. Development of a warm fog
dissipation method using thermokinetic generators. Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya
Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na
Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy.
Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p. 51-53 (in Russian).
2.5
Improving weather
in megapolises
Based on the aircraft
techniques developed at the Central Aerological Observatory for cloud
dissipation and temporary slowing down precipitation formation processes by
overseeding supercooled liquid water zones of precipitation-generating
clouds, a technique of artificial
modification of cloud systems over large cities has been created. It is
intended for improving weather on days of mass political, sporting or cultural
activities and for reducing
precipitation on the territory of megapolises [75,76].
75.
Beriulev, G.P., Koloskov, B.P., Melnichuk, Yu.V.,
Chernikov, A.A., Korneyev, V.P., Diadiuchenko, V.N., Stasenko, V.N. Some
results of aircraft activities in weather protection of large cities.
Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym
Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy. Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p. 53-54 (in
Russian).
76.
Beriulev, G.P., Koloskov, B.P., Melnichuk, Yu.V.,
Chernikov, A.A., Korneyev, V.P., Fedorov, O.K., Diadiuchenko, V.N., Stasenko,
V.N. Weather protection of megapolises: Concept and results. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii po Rezultatam
Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Sektsiya 4, p.25-27 (in Russian).
3. Instruments
for cloud investigation
The instruments ACH&UVH (CAO) for air humidity measurements and IVO
(CAO) for measurements of liquid water content have been recommended by experts
of the European Fleet for Airborne Research to be employed on European research
airplanes.
77.
Mezrin, M. Yu. "The contribution of different
scales to integral moisture transport". EUFAR (European Fleet For Airborne
Research) Conference, Small-Scale Turbulence Working Group. Capua, Italy, 16-20
of September 2002.
4. Electrical cloud state
A two-dimensional numerical non-stationary model of thunderstorm cloud electrization was being constructed, which considered detailed microphysics comprising different elecrization mechanisms that include the interaction on collision between liquid-phase and solid-state particles as well as between solid particles (graupel –ice crystals). Numerical experiments were fulfilled using the model. A laser technique to act upon thunderstorm clouds and control the effect has been developed. Optimal conditions for triggering a lightning discharge (discrimination of zones with the highest electric intensity) were determined based on the model concerned.
Fundamental studies have been
carried out of the influence of non-stationary turbulent exchange and varying
electric field on atmospheric electrical characteristics.
In
the context of constructing an experimental physico-statistical model of a
thunderstorm cloud, parameters characterizing the electrical state of
convective clouds during the three phases of their evolution have been
analyzed. The lightning frequency in zones of precipitation of different
intensities was determined. The position of zones with increased reflectivity
and turbulence values inside thunderstorm clouds relative to zones of lightning
activity was established. Suggested is the structure of a thunderstorm location
network, a version of its hardware and software. A feasibility study has been
fulfilled for a variety of local thunderstorm location networks.
5. Artificial weather modification in
fighting forest fires
A technique of extinguishing forest fires with artificially induced
precipitation in the taiga and forest zone of the Russian Federation has been
improved, which enabled a 20% reduction of aircraft fuel consumed during
weather modification activities and increased the effectiveness of using agents
by 20-30%. The technology permits assigning a lower class of fire risk to
forests for fire prevention purposes and putting out fires with artificially
induced precipitation. The most intensive precipitation to put out forest fires
were induced using the technology concerned by the aircraft forest protection bases
of Transbaikalia, Chita, and Syktyvkar
areas in 1999-2002.
78.
Atabiev, M.D.,
Imamdjanov, A.A., Kalilov, B.A., Kozlov, V.N., Usmanov, I.U., Shchukin
G.G. On carrying out weather protection activities in Tashkent on 21 March
2002. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), vyp. 4 (552), 2002, p.139-152 (in Russian).
79.
Efremenko, V.V., Pozhidayev, V.N., Kutuza, B.G.,
Zubkov, A.V., Moshkov, A.V., Obraztsov, S.P.,
Rybakov, Yu.P., Sobachkin, A.A.,
Evtushenko, A.V., Shchukin, G.G. Determionation of rain and clouds parameters
using a radiometer complex, weather radar, and lidar. Vserossiyskaya
Conferentsiya “Distantsionnoye Zondirovanie Zemnykh Pokrovov I Atmosphery
Aerokosmicheskimi Sredstvami”, Murom,
2001 (in Russian).
80.
Galperin, S.M. On a combined use of lightning direction
and range finders and weather radar. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), 2001, vyp. 3
(549), p.147-152 (in Russian).
81. Galperin, S.M., Mikhailovski, Yu.P.,
Stasenko, V.N., Frolov, V.I., Shchukin, G.G. Using the field experimental base
of the Main Geophysical Observatory (p. Turgosh) for acting upon electric cloud
state and control of the results .
Abstracts. Trudy Nauchnoy Conferentsii
po Rezultatam Issledovaniy v Oblasti
Gidrometeorologii I Monitoringa Zagriazneniya Prirodnoy Sredy v
Gosudarstvakh –Uchastnikach SNG, posviashchonnoy 10-letiyu Obrazovaniya
Mezhgosudarstvennogo Soveta po Gidrometeorologii, St. Petersburg, 23-26 April
2002, Sektsiya 4. Gidrometeoizdat, St.Petersburg , 2002 (in Russian).
82. Galperin, S.M., Morozov,
V.N., Shchukin, G.G. On using laser to control thunderstorm activity.
Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym
Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy. Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p. 53-54 (in Russian).
83. Galperin, S.M., Shchukin, G.G.
Detection of energo-active zones in clouds by means of radio aids. Trudy
NITz DZA, (GGO Branch), vyp. 3 (549), ñ.123-131, 2001 (in Russian).
84. Geneotis, S.P.,
Pervushin, P.V., Shchukin, G.G. Comparative analysis of algorithms to detect
zones of
potential icing of flight vehicles by using active-passive radar
techniques. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya “Distantsionnoye Zondirovanie Zemnykh
Pokrovov i Atmosphery Aerokosmicheskimi Sredstvami”, Murom, 2001 (in Russian).
85. Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N. On theoretical grounds for the application of ionogenic hygroscopic agents for inducing precipitation. Trudy NITZ DZA (GGO Branch), vyp. 3 (549), 2001, p.11-19 (in Russian).
86. Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N. Using hygroscopic substances for artificial cloud and fog modification Trudy NITZ DZA (GGO Branch), vyp. 3 (549), 2001,.p. 49-65 (in Russian).
87.Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V. A pyrotechnical methods of generating ionogenic hygroscopic aerosols. Trudy NITZ DZA (GGO Branch), vyp. 3 (549), 2001, p.251-256 (in Russian).
88. Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N.,
Likhachev, A.V., Okunev, S.M., Shchukin, G.G. RD 52.04.628-2001. Guide. On the
order of activitied to induce precipitation from convective clouds in fighting
forest fires from board low-powered
aircraft. Gidrometeoizdat, 2001, 24 p. (in Russian).
89. Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N. Likhachev, A.V. Development of an ionogenic hygroscopic agent for artificial precipitation control. Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy. Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p.79-81 (in Russian).
90. Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V. Studying the effect of ionogenic hygroscopic aerosol on phase water transformation in clouds. In the book: “State-of-the –art and prospects of the development of technology and technical aids to act upon hydrometeorological processes”. Materialy Yubileinoy Conferentsii FGUP Cheboksarskoye PO im. B.I. Chapayeva, Cheboksary, 12-14 Aug. 1999, p.49-53 (in Russian).
91. Klingo, V.V.,
Kozlov, V.N. On electrical processes in clouds. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch),
vyp.4 (552), 2002, p.44-54 (in Russian).
92 Klingo, V.V., Kozlov, V.N. Physical basics of the formation of charged hygroscopic particles for artificial precipitation control. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), vyp.4 (552), 2002, p.76-86 (in Russian).
93. Kozlov, V.N., ShChukin, G.G. Development of a new technology for artificial precipitation control in fighting forest fires. Abstracts. Soveshchaniye-seminar po Resheniyu Lesopohzarhykh Problem. St. Petersburg, 2002 (in Russian).
94. Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V., Okunev, S.M. Aerosol-forming substances causing condensation and technical aids based on them. In the book: “State-of-the –art and prospects of the development of technology and technical aids to act upon hydrometeorological processes”. Materialy Yubileinoy Conferentsii FGUP Cheboksarskoye PO im. B.I. Chapayeva, Cheboksary, 12-14 Aug. 1999, p.49-53 (in Russian).
95. Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V., Okunev, S.M. Artificial inducing of precipitation onto forest fires. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), vyp. 3 (549), 2001, p.239-249 (in Russian).
96. Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V. A pyrotechnic substance to modify atmospheric conditions. RF Patent No. 2179800, 2002 (in Russian).
97. Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V., Okunev, S.M. A method to control weather. RF Patent No. 2191499, 27 October 2002 (in Russian).
98. Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V. A pyrotechnic substance to modify weather. RF Patent No. 2181239, 20 April 2002 (in Russian).
99. Kozlov, V.N., Klingo V.V., Likhachev, A.V., Okunev, S.M., Shcherbakov, A.P., Shchukin, G.G. The order of carrying out activities in artificial inducing of precipitation from convective clouds in fighting forest fires from board low-powered aircraft. RD.52.04. 628-2001. St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 2001 (in Russian).
100. Kozlov, V.N., Likhachev, A.V., Okunev, S.M., Shcherbakov, A.P. Fighting forest fires by artificially induced precipitation. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), vyp.4 (552), 2002, p.153-165 (in Russian).
101. Kupovykh, G.V., Morozov, V.N., Shvartz, Ya.M. The theory of an electrode effect in the atmosphere. Izd. TRGU, Taganrog, 1998, 122 p. (in Russian).
102. Mikhailovsky, Yu.P., Pachin, V.A. Modeling of electrically active convective clouds. Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy. Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p.99-101 (in Russian).
103. Morozov, V.N. Atmospheric
aerosol layers as amplifiers of atmospheric electric field. In the book:
“Natural and anthropogenic aerosols” (Transactions of International Conference
29.09-4.10.1997). St. Petersburg, 1998, p.137-141 (in Russian).
104. Morozov, V.N. On the effect of jumps of electric conductivity at the interface ‘cloud – free atmosphere’ on electric fields generated by cloud charge structures. In the book: “Natural and anthropogenic aerosols” (Transactions of the 2nd International Conference 27.09-1.10.1999). St. Petersburg, 2000, p.238-241 (in Russian).
105 Morozov, V.N. Distribution of the electric field produced by a stationary electric source in the atmosphere with inhomoheneous electric conductivity. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), 2000, vyp. 2 (548), p.11-23 (in Russian).
106. Morozov, B.N. The influence of inhomogeneous distribution of atmospheric electric conductivity on the distribution of the electric field produced by time-dependent electric charge structure of the cloud. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), 2000, vyp. 3 (549), p.20-28 (in Russian).
107. Morozov, V.N. Calculation of the electrostatic fields of thunderstorm clouds necessary for triggering discharges ‘cloud – upper atmospheric layers’. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), 2000, vyp. 3 (549), p. 34-48 (in Russian).
108. Morozov, V.N. Calculation of the electric fields of thunderstorm clouds for triggering electric discharges ‘clouds – upper atmospheric layers. Geomagnetism i Aeronomia, 2002, V.42, No. 1, p.121-129 (in Russian).
109. Morozov, V.N., Kupovykh, G.V. Non-stationary electrical processes in the surface atmospheric layer. Izv. VUZov. Severo-Kavkazsky Region. Estestvennyie Nauki No. 4, 2001, p.82-85 (in Russian).
110. Morozov, V.N., Shvartz, Ya.M., Shchukin, G.G. The global electric circuit: physico-mathematical modeling and regular changes in the lower atmosphere. Electric interaction of geospheric envelopes, p.55-67, M.O. IFZ RAN 2000, 209 p. (in Russian).
111. Morozov, V.N. On the problem of using laser to control thunderstorm cloud activityîáëàêîâ. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), 2002, vyp. 4 (550), p.20-29 (in Russian).
112. Morozov, V.N. On establishing a stationary electrical state in the atmosphere containing a lllayer of aerosol particles. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO Branch), 2002, vyp. 4 (550), p.37-45 (in Russian).
113. Morozov, V.N., Kupovykh, G.V., Kiovo, A.G. A non-stationary electrode effect in the atmosphere. Abstracts. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya po Physike Oblakov I Aktivnym Vozdeistviyam na Gidrometeorologicheskiye Protsessy. Nalchik, 23-25 October 2001, p.64-66 (in Russian).
114. Morozov, V.N., Snegurov, V.S., Shvartz, Ya. M. Investigation of atmospheric electricity. Recent Investigations of the Main Geophysical Observatory, 2001, V.2, p.203-228 (in Russian).
115. Pachin, V.A. A
two-dimensional non-stationary numerical model of thunderstorm convective cloud
electrization. Trudy NITz DZA (GGO
Branch), 2002, vyp. 4 (550), p.30-36 (in Russian).
116. Shchukin, G.G. Radio-thermal-radar techniques to study atmospheric moisture content. Zarubezhnaya Radioelektronika. Uspekhi Sovremennoy Radioelektroniki, No 11, 2001 (in Russian).
117. Shchukin,
G.G., Galperin, S.M. Radar investigation of thunderstorm clouds and lightning
channels. TEKO-2000. China, Beijing, 23-27.10.2000 (in Russian).
118. Shchukin, G.G., Stasenko, V.N. Methodology of
investigating electricity of thunderstorm clouds and precipitation. Trudy NITz DZA, 2000, vyp.2 (548) (in
Russian).
119. Shchukin, G.G., Stasenko, V.N. Complex
active-passive radar sounding of clouds. Vserossiyskaya Conferentsiya “Distantzionnoye zondirovaniye zemnykh
pokrovov I atmosphery aerokosmicheskimi sredstvami”. Murom, 2001 (in Russian).
120. Galperin S., Karavaev D., Stasenko V., Shchukin
G.G. Active-passive radar system for control of thundercloud modification.
Seventh WMO Scientific Ñonference on Weather Modification. Chiang
Mai, Thailand (17-22 February 1999).WMO/TD No 936, Preprints Volume II
Secretariat of WMO Geneva, Switzerland
121. Klingo V.V., Kozlov V.N., Stasenko V.N., Shchukin
G.G. Atmospheric resources control by the use of ionogeneous, hygroscopic
reagent. Seventh WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification. Chiang Mai,
Thailand (17-22 February 1999). WMO/TD No 936, Preprints Volume II Secretariat
of WMO Geneva, Switzerland
122. Morozov V.N.
Calculation of Electric Field strength necessary for altitude discharge above
thunderstorms. In 11th International Conference on Atmospheric
Electricity. Proceeding of Conference held in Guntersville, Alabama, June 7-11,
1999, USA, p.69-71.
PLANETARY
ATMOSPHERES
O.I. Korablev
Space
Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Profsoyuznaya
84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia (korab@iki.rssi.ru)
1.Venus.
1.1. Comprehensive treatment of data measured by the IR
Fourier-spectrometry onboard Venera-15 has resulted in 3D zonal mean velocity
field in the thermal wind approximation versus latitude, height, and solar
longitude. Three jets are revealed in the thermal wind field.
In most of observational sessions, the midlatitude jet
was observed at the altitude of 65-70 km, with thermal gradients being provided
by the “cold collar”. High-altitude tropical jet at the altitude of 81 km is
associated with the thermal inversion at 90-95 km. Another tropical jet is observed
at the altitude of 68 km, near the upper boundary of the cloud deck.
Based on 3D fields of the zonal thermal wind retrieved
during the revision of the IR spectrometric data onboard Venera-15, latitudinal
profiles have been built for the wind speed in location corresponding to the
maximum of the midlatitude jet on both day and night side of Venus (about 70
km). Those profiles were employed in simulations of the barotropic instability that revealed period
of 3-4 terrestrial days and exponential growth time scale less than 20 days.
Daytime profiles are dominated by harmonics with n=3, whereas nighttime ones – with n=2. This
fact may argue in favor of the presence of the barotropic instability in the
middle Venus atmosphere in altitude range about 70 km.
A search for tidal waves in zonal average temperature
field and cloud opacities has been carried out. A tidal origin of the zonal
superrotation drive is one of the modern hypotheses explaining the nature of
Venus atmospheric dynamics. Tide is generated as a result of solar energy
absorption, about 50% of which is taking place in the middle atmosphere within
a narrow layer at 58-70 km. Thermal and
aerosol 3D fields in the coordinates latitude-height-solar longitude (for
Venus, the latter is also a measure of the local time), retrieved from the Fourier spectrometry onboard
Venera-15, have been investigated for the presence of sun-synchronous waves. In
low latitudes the amplitude of the diurnal thermal tide maximizes above 0.2
mbar (92 km) where diurnal tide is dominating.
In high latitudes, the diurnal tide dominates below 50 mbar (68 km): its
amplitude is twice as high as the amplitude of the semidiurnal tide, reaching
the maximal value of 18 K at 57 km altitude in the cold collar. In low
latitudes, semidiurnal tide dominates below 90 km, reaching maximum at 83 km,
and also in the upper cloud layer above 58 km.
At 70-76 km the third diurnal harmonics is dominating. In the upper
cloud layer where most of the solar energy is absorbed, all four harmonics,
including diurnal and 1/3-diurnal ones, have amplitudes exceeding 3K in their
maxima. Zonally averaged altitude of the upper boundary of the cloud deck
varies from 69 km in low latitudes to 59 km in the cold collar, with the
diurnal component reaching maximum equal
to 1.5 km in the cold collar. In the low latitudes, both diurnal and
semidiurnal components amplitudes are 0.8-1 km. The areas characterized by
strongest tidal activity correlate with jet streams located independently in
thermal wind fields.
1.2.A technique has been developed for radiative
transfer calculation in the lower Venus atmosphere based the model of spectral
line profile in the far wing approximation in the case when the contribution
from line wings is not a small value. Calculations show that in the lower Venus
atmosphere incoming solar and outgoing infrared fluxes are not balanced,
implying a substantial contribution of the atmospheric dynamics to vertical
heat transfer.
A hypothesis was investigated if the turbulence is
capable of transferring energy absorbed in the cloud deck to lower atmospheric
layers. Such a mechanism may explain some disagreement between solar and
infrared fluxes. On the other hand, this mechanism may in principle provide a backward energy
transport of heat from the lower cloud layers warmed by upward infrared radiation into the undercloud
atmosphere.
Ignat'ev, N. I.; Moroz, V. I.; Zasova, L. V.;
Khatuntsev, I. V. Water Vapor in the Middle Atmosphere of Venus from the Data
of the Venera-15 IR Fourier Spectrometer Astronomicheskii Vestnik1999, vol. 33,
p. 1.
Ignatiev, N. I.; Moroz, V. I.; Zasova, L. V.; Khatuntsev,
I. V. Venera 15: Water vapour in the middle atmosphere of
Venus Advances in Space Research 1999, Volume 23, Issue 9, p. 1549-1558.
Zasova,
L. V.; Khatountsev, I. A.; Moroz, V. I.; Ignatiev, N. I. Structure of the Venus
middle atmosphere: Venera 15 fourier spectrometry data revisited. Advances in
Space Research 1999, Volume 23, Issue 9, p. 1559-1568.
Zasova,
L. V.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Moroz, V. I.; Khatuntsev, I. V. Venera-15: Water Vapor
at Altitudes of 55-65 km. Cosmic Research, 1999, Vol. 37, No. 1, p.10
Zasova,
L. V.; Linkin, V. M.; Khatuntsev, I. V. Zonal Wind in the Middle Atmosphere of
Venus. Cosmic Research, 2000, Vol. 38, No. 1, p.49
Izakov
M.N. Turbulence and anomalous heat flux
in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. Planet. Space Sci., 2001, 49, 47-58
Zasova,
L.; Khatountsev, I. V.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Moroz, V. I. Local time variations of
the middle atmosphere of Venus: Solar-related structures. Advances in Space
Research, 2002, Volume 29, Issue 2, p. 243-248.
Izakov,
M. N. Turbulence and anomalous heat fluxes in the atmospheres of Mars and
Venus. Planetary and Space Science 2001, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 47-58.
Izakov,
M. N. A Possible Mechanism of Superrotation of the Atmosphere of Venus. Solar
System Research, v. 35, Issue 4, p. 249-260 (2001).
Izakov,
M. N. Turbulent Heat Fluxes in the Atmosphere of Venus. Solar System Research,
v. 36, Issue 3, p. 193-205 (2002).
Izakov,
M. N. Convective Zones in the Atmosphere of Venus and the Anomalous Heat Flux
(in Response to Criticism) Solar System Research, v. 36, Issue 6, p. 495-498
(2002). Moroz, V. I.; Rodin, A. V. How Many Convective Zones Are There in the
Atmosphere of Venus? Solar System Research, v. 36, Issue 6, p. 492-494 (2002).
2. Mars
2.1.Based on daytime sky brightness distribution in
different wavelengths from camera measurements of Pathfinder spacecraft,
aerosol parameters in the atmosphere of Mars have been retrieved. Observations
of scattered light brightness distribution resulted in microstructural parameters of the atmospheric
aerosol: the effective particle size reff=1.71 (+0.29/-0.26) um and typical
dispersion of size distribution nýôô=0.25 (+0.05/-0.1) ìèêðîíà. Imaginary part of the refractive index varies from 0.015 in the UV
to 0.003 in the visible and
near-infrared range. Observations have confirmed that aerosol particles in the
Martian atmosphere are not spherical. Sky brightness distribution was measured
by Pathfinder camera in five filters at
443.6, 481.0, 670.8, 896.1 è 965.3 um during six observational sessions. To the moment, one session has been
completely processed Aerosol properties
above Pathfinder landing site are close to those retrieved from similar
observations of Viking landers. Pathfinder measurements argue that particles
shape is oblate, which is typical for highly weathered rocks (clays). Despite
the one-mode model used in the analysis, data imply possibility of the presence
of a fine submicron mode of aerosol particles.
2.2
A revision of data retrieved from the experiment MAWD onboard Viking spacecraft
has been carried out in order to eliminate disagreement between earlier
published results of this experiment
with recent observations, e.g. from Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, and
numerical simulations. It is shown that in the perihelion season, when dust
amounts in the martian atmosphere maximizes, MAWD spectra may have been
significantly affected by aerosol scattering. The technique eveloped for the
retrievals of water vapor accounting for aerosol scattering has resulted in
quantities that agree with other experiments.
2.3 Thermal
structure of the Martian atmosphere was studied based on Fourier-spectrometry
data measured by IRIS instrument onboard Mariner-9 spacecraft. Studies showed
thermal inversion in the near-surface layer between 13h and 18h local time
during the summer season. The inversion reaches 27 K after 17h at the North
slope of Arsia Mons. Temperature and aerosol profiles have been retrieved from
each spectrum in a self-consistent way. Aerosol opacity varies in time from
mean value of 0.45 to 0.15 at 1000 cm-1 within time interval between Ls = 314
and 348. Thermal inertia of the Tharsis surface is 10-15 times lower than in
lowland areas, resulting in quick surface cooling as compared to more inertial
atmosphere.
Quantitative data on cooling rates in the aphelion
season versus perihelion season have been obtained. Data are consistent with
the presence of condensational clouds below 20 km altitude.
Temperature profiles have been retrieved for the
winter North polar atmosphere (f >65N). Fogs composed of particles of about 1 mm size with opacity t=0.1-1 are present near the
surface with the scale height of 1-2 km. CO2 condensational clouds may exist at
latitudes > 80N at 10-25 km height or in the near-surface layer. The
continuum spectrum in all polar observations is well approximated by a model of
the near-surface fog composed of water ice with t=0.1-1, particle sizes about 1 mm, and water column abundance
1-10 pr. mm.
Water vapor abundance retrieved from IR spectra in
20-50 mm
covering mostly the Southern hemisphere has been studied, including its
seasonal, diurnal, and latitudinal variability. The results mainly confirm
generally accepted views on the behavior of water vapor in that season (Ls =
290–350°): net abundance is about 10 pr. mm with the maximum in midlatitudes.
The confidence studies on the interpretation of Mars
polarimetry data received during high atmosphric transparency show high sensitivity
of this method to properties of the surface as well as to the presence of
clouds, along with optical properties of dust. Using the scattering model
taking into account nonsphericity of dust particles, the impact of various
factors on polarimetry data interpretation results has been studied.
Simulations confirm that water ice clouds may introduce a substantial
uncertainty to this interpretation. In addition, the presence of fine
particles, both icy and dusty, in the upper atmospheric layers, may mask larger
particles suspended in lower layers. The impact of particles shape on the
polarization curve implies that interesting information on aerosol properties
may be retrieved from observatons taken at small phase angle.
2.4 Self-consistent model of water ice clouds that
involves microphysics, transport and radiation transfer, was developed and
adapted to the general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere SKYHI. The Martian version of SKYHI GCM has been developed
at Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (Princeton) by R.J.Wilson. For the
first time in the GCM practice a realistic microphysics rather than empirical
parameterization has been implemented for cloud modeling that was made possible
due to moment representation of ice particles size distribution. Numerical
experiments gave basic climate characteristics of Mars in the aphelion season
(North hemisphere summer), consistent with available ground-based and
spacecraft observations. Simulations show that in this season in the latitude
interval 0-30Nthe tropical cloud system is developed that constrains the
meridional transport of dust – main absorbing agent in the lower atmosphere –
and alters its optical parameters, resulting in stabilization of climate at
relatively low temperatures. This picture is distinctly different from th
perihelion season, when dust loading in the atmosphere increases (t~1) and dust storms of various
scales sporadically appear. The tropical
cloud system is developed due to both 40% decrease of the solar flux and intense
sublimation of the North polar cap exposed by polar day conditions. At Ls
» 143°the tropical cloud system
decays and polar cloud hoods are formed, with simultaneous quick (3-10 days)
expansion of dust to high latitudes of both hemispheres and global midlatitude
warming by 5-10 K. This period is also characterized by excitation of a broad
spectrum of planetary-scale waves and chaotic behavior of local pressure and
temperature fields. Other seasonally determined circulation reconfigurations
connected with change of planetary waves zonal structure are also identified,
accompanied with generation of short-living transient waves. Periodicity and
wave structure of these transients is consistent with observations. They are
coinciding with large scale seasonal climate change, such as appearance and
decay of the tropical cloud belt and generation of global dust storms on Mars.
Formisano,
V.; Grassi, D.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Zasova, L. IRIS Mariner 9 data revisited:
water and dust daily cycles. Planetary and Space Science, 2001,Volume 49, Issue
13, p. 1331-1346.
Zasova
L., Drassi D, Formisano V., Maturilli A. Martian atmosphere in the region of
Great volcanoes: Mariner 9 IRIS data revisited. Planetary and Space Sciences
2001, Volume 49, Issue 9, p. 977-992.
Markiewicz
W.J., R. Sablotny, H.U. Keller, N. Thomas, D. Titov and P. Smith. Optical
properties of the Martian aerosols as derived from Imager for Mars Pathfinder
midday sky brightness data. J. Geophys. Res., 104, No.E4, 9009-9017, 1999.
Richardson,
M.I., R.J.Wilson, and A.V.Rodin. Water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere:
General circulaton model experiments with a simple cloud scheme. J.Geophys.
Res., 107(E9), 10.1029/2001JE001804 , 2002.
N.
I. Ignatiev, L. V. Zasova, V. Formisano, D. Grassi, and A. Maturilli, Water
vapour abundance in Martian atmosphere from revised Mariner 9 IRIS data. Adv.
Space Res., 2002, Volume 29, Issue 2, p. 157-162. 2002
Zasova,
L.; Formisano, V.; Grassi, D.; Ignatiev, N.; Maturilli, A. Martian winter
atmosphere at north high latitudes: Mariner 9 IRIS data revisited. Advances in
Space Research 2002, Volume 29, Issue 2, p. 151-156.
Fedorova
À.À. , A.V. Rodin, I. Baklanova,
"Mars atmospheric water vapor in the Southern hemishere: MAWD
revisited" Advances of Space Research, in press.
Dlugach, Zh. M.; Korablev, O. I.; Morozhenko, A. V.; Moroz, V. I.; Petrova, E.
V.; Rodin, A. V. Physical Properties of Dust in the Martian Atmosphere:
Analysis of Contradictions and Possible Ways of Their Resolution. Solar System
Research, v. 37, Issue 1, p. 1-19 (2003).
Dlugach, Zh. M.; Petrova, E. V. Polarimetry of Mars in High-Transparency
Periods: How Reliable Are the Estimates of Aerosol Optical Properties? Solar
System Research, v. 37, Issue 2,
p.87-100.(2003).
Petrova, E. V. Optical Thickness and Shape of Dust Particles of the Martian
Aerosol Astronomicheskii Vestnik, vol. 33, p. 260 (1999)
3. Cometary atmospheres
By means of numerical simulations, it has been shown
that observed intensity and polarization phase curves of comets may be
explained by the aggregate structure of cometary dust particles. Interpretation
of photometric and polarimetric observations of various Solar System objects is
often challenged by necessity to account for shape and structure of particles
that compose atmospheric aerosol, regolith
and cometary dust. Since in many cases particles of natural origin have
aggregate structure, scattering properties of aggregate particles (clusters)
comparable in size with visible wavelength have been studied by theoretical and
numerical techniques. Calculations suggest that sizes of monomers composing clusters
significantly affect phase functions of intensity and linear polarization.
Bonev,
T.; Jockers, K.; Petrova, E.; Delva, M.; Borisov, G.; Ivanova, A. The Dust in
Comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) during Its Disintegration: Narrow-Band Images, Color
Maps, and Dynamical Models. Icarus, Volume 160, Issue 2, p. 419-436.
Kiselev,
N. N.; Rosenbush, V. K.; Petrova, E. V.; Jockers, K. Asteroids and comets : a
comparison of polarization properties. in Memorie della Societa' Astronomica
Italiana, vol. 73, no. 3, p. 703 (2002)
Petrova,
E.V., Jockers, K., Kiselev, N.N. A Negative Branch of Polarization for Comets
and Atmosphereless Celestial Bodies and the Light Scattering by Aggregate
Particles Solar System Research, v. 35, Issue 5, p. 390-399 (2001).
Petrova,
E. V.; Markiewicz, W. J.; Keller, H. U.Regolith Surface Reflectance: A New
Attempt to Model. Solar System Research, v. 35, Issue 4, p. 278-290 (2001).
Petrova,
E.V.; Jockers, K.; Kiselev, N. N. Light Scattering by Aggregate Particles
Comparable in Size to Wavelength: Application to Cometary Dust. Solar System
Research, v. 35, Issue 1, p. 57-69 (2001).
Petrova,
E.V.; Jockers, K.; Kiselev, N.N. Light Scattering by Aggregates with Sizes
Comparable to the Wavelength: An Application to Cometary Dust
Icarus,
Volume 148, Issue 2, pp. 526-536 (2000).
4. Microphysics of clouds in planetary atmospheres
An effective numerical method of simulation of
microphysical processes in aerosols and clouds has been developed and
implemented in several models. The
method deals with few lower moments of particles size distribution. A
considerable performance achieved by this technique allows do avoid unphysical
parameterization and makes it suitable for self-consistent microphysical
calculations in general circulation models of planetary atmosphere with the
lack of empirical data.
Rodin,
A.V. On the Moment Method for the Modeling of Cloud Microphysics in Rarefied Turbulent
Atmospheres: I. Condensation and Mixing. Solar System Research, v. 36, 2, p.
97-106 (2002).
Rodin,
A.V. On the Moment Method for the Modeling of Cloud Microphysics in Rarefied
Turbulent Atmospheres: II. Stochastic coagulation. Solar System Research, in
press (2003).
5. Development of instruments and methods for space
research
5.1. A lightweight near-IR spectrometer based on the
acousto-optical tuneable filter (AOTF), has been designed and installed onboard
Mars Express spacecraft as a part of SPICAM package. The spectrometer that has
no moving parts is aimed at measurements of water vapor abundance in the
atmosphere of Mars in nadir observations and solar occultations. In addition,
the instrument allows to study properties of the surface and atmospheric
aerosol by means of spectropolarimetry in spectral range 1.0-1.7 mm. Net mass of the instrument
is 800 g. The spectrometer has been calibrated, observation techniques have
been elaborated. Similar spectrometer with extended spectral range and enhanced
sensitivity is under development of Venus Express mission.
5.2 A prototype of compact high-resolution spectrometer for spacecraft observations of planetary atmospheres by solar occultation technique has been developed and designed. The instrument that includes echelle spectrometer and the AOTF for preliminary diffraction order selection is capable of resolving power as high as l/Dl=25000-30000 in solar occultation, with its size and mass being rather small. High performance of the instrument has been confirmed by laboratory tests. An implementation of this spectrometer is developed for Venus atmosphere studies in the framework of Venus Express mission.
5.3. A new method has been proposed for the remote
sounding of Martian aerosol based on reflected radiaton measurement in the
saturated 2.7 mm
CO2 band from an orbiter. First
opportunity to implement this technique was granted due to data received by
shortwave spectrometer SWS onboard ISO satellite (Infrared Space Observatory).
This technique resulted in the retrieval of aerosol net opacity t = 0.35±0.13, evaluation of aerosol
scale height Í = 10±2 êì, and also in spectral behavior of aerosol optical
parameters, that suggested the presence of dust absorption band near 2.8 mm. Good agreement with
observations provide such minerals as montmorillonite and smectite, although
palagonite also gives proper approximation. Opacity data are consistent with
simultaneous observations from pathfinder spacecraft and Hubble Space
Telescope.
D.V.
Titov, A.A. Fedorova, and R. Haus. A new method of remote sounding of the
Martian aerosols by means of spectroscopy in the 2.7 mm CO2 band. Planetary and Space Science 48, 67-74, 2000.
Korablev
O.I., Bertaux J.-L., Vinogradov I.I. Compact high-resolution IR spectrometer
for atmospheric studies. Proc. SPIE, 2002, V.4818, 272-281
Bertaux,
J.L. et al.The study of the Martian atmosphere from top to bottom with SPICAM
Light on Mars Express. Planetary and Space Science, 2000. V.48. P.1303-1320.
Korablev
O., Bertaux J.-L., Grigoriev A., Dimarellis E., Kalinnikov Yu., Rodin A.,
Muller C., Fonteyn D. An AOTF-based spectrometer for the studies of Mars
atmosphere for Mars Express ESA mission. Adv. Space Res. 2002. V.29. N2.
P.143-150.
Korablev
O.I., Bertaux J.-L., Dimarellis E., Grigoriev A., Kalinnikov Yu., Stepanov A.,
Guibert, S. AOTF-based spectrometer for Mars atmosphere sounding Proc. SPIE
2002, V.4818. P.261-271.
POLAR
METEOROLOGY
A.I. Danilov and V.E. Lagun
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute,
38 Bering Str.,
1. Arctic climate
Evidence of warming process in Arctic
during last two decades provides prominent interest to quantitative description
of regional climate signal on the base of available current, historical and
reconstructed data /1-5/, and numerical modeling results also /14,15,17/. There
are two prominent periods of warming in Northern Polar area during 20th
century (1918-1938 and 1969-2000) and two periods of cooling (1901-1918 and
1939-1968). Generally, there are three significant climatic stages which can be
distinguished in observed trends of thermal regime in Arctic during 20th
century: before 1920s, 1920-1960s, and 1980-90s.
Joint analysis of hydrological regime
parameters of Arctic Ocean and of global atmosphere circulation characteristics
demonstrated that the first warming can be connected with intensification of
thermohaline circulation in Atlantic sector of Arctic Ocean, and the second one
can be caused by intensification of large - scale meridional energy exchange in
troposphere. The creation of high quality data sets, which can be used for
revealing of climate variability physical reasons and for forecasting of
climate change /6, 10/ is an actual scientific problem.
The empirical and modeling
estimations of Arctic atmosphere structure reaction for increasing of radiative
active gases and aerosol concentrations are executed. The estimates of climate
change obtained on the base of completed data sets demonstrate the stable
tendency of Arctic warming started in 1960s, but decreasing of warming
intensity in both polar areas is observed. The history of warming in Arctic for
periods of 1930s and 1990s is considered. Mean annual surface air temperature
over all Arctic region is increased about 0.50Ñ during last period of warming, this value is less
than temperature increase observed during Arctic warming in 1930s and it is
close to increase of Northern Hemisphere averaged temperature. Since 1993 the
positive anomalies of mean annual surface air temperature trend take place with
more prominent anomalies registered in 1995 and in 2002. In 2002 the largest
anomaly (2.9 σ) was observed in summer, the temperature of Arctic
troposphere was increased up to 400 hPa level, and above it and in stratosphere
the temperature was decreased with increasing of vertical temperature gradient
through all the atmosphere. The results of investigations are the input into
the realization of climatic projects of (World Climate Research Program (WCRP),
including the polar regions into the sphere of interests (ACSYS, CliC).
In Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO)
the investigations of polar climate were executed on the base of modeling of
High latitudes climate and its changes with help of Global Coupled
Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models – AOGCMs /14-26/. The main results
are the analysis of systematic errors of atmosphere models and AOGCM in
calculations of modern climate, the comparative analysis of estimations of
possible polar climate changes in 21th century on the base of calculations with
ensemble of AOGCM using external forcing as the latest scenarios of IPCC
greenhouse gases and aerosol– SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios).
Moreover, the Arctic data archive was completed by the data rows from
meteorological stations in Alaska with daily resolution and by fully corrected
precipitation data /27/. The new version of AOGCM MGO (MGOCM2 T30L14/L33) is used
for investigations of natural and anthropogenic polar climate variability in
frames of international projects ÀMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project), CMIP (Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project ) and ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment) /18,19/.
The field measurements of greenhouse gases concentrations (CO2 and methane) were executed in Northern part of West Siberia, in the area of largest in the world natural gas fields and vast wetlands /28-35/. The estimations of integral input from local natural (natural complexes of marshes) and anthropogenic (gas extraction and transportation objects) into global atmospheric methane budget are obtained which are equal to 10 Mt/year and 2.5 Mt/year respectively /28-30/.
The regional transport model describing
the distribution of methane in troposphere was developed /28-29/. The air
sampling on Arctic coastal area /34/ and in Northern Pole were organized.
Synoptic processes dynamics over all
Arctic Sea was developed /7-9, 11, 13/.
2. Antarctic climate
A quantitative
study of the mechanisms of formation of the climatic variability in the
Antarctic requires the reliable information about the statistical structure of
the fields of meteorological parameters. Such study has became possible in
relation to creating a database of climate of Antarctica /38/ in the framework
of the geo-information system (GIS) “The Antarctic” developed at the AARI /44/.
This database is intended for numerical analysis of Southern Polar area
environment based on available data for all period of observations /
38,56,59,64 /.
Manifestation of
the so-called “global warming” in the Southern Hemisphere is most clearly
recorded in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula both in the surface layer
/37, 39, 41/ and in the free atmosphere /40, 41, 42/. The results of the
probabilistic analysis of time series of surface air temperature and air
pressure at sea level in this region were used for determining of the interannual
variability characteristics obtained by the modulation of annual cycle over the
range of interannual and seasonal changes of synoptic scale variability.
The variability from
day-to-day and within a year makes the main contribution to the total dispersion,
while for temperature, the variability within a year accounts for more than 50%
of dispersion, it is less than 20% for pressure /46/. The contribution of the
variability of annual averages to the total dispersion comprises less than 5%.
However, the interannual variability is described not only by the changes of
annual averages. The contribution of daily variations and variability within a
day to the total dispersion is also small, for temperature as well as for
pressure it is less than 10% of dispersion. However, it is also advisable to
consider the variability features over the low-frequency ranges relative to
daily variations taking into account the time of the day. This can be useful,
for example, for formulation of hypotheses about the nature of the interannual
variability trends /39, 46, 58/.
The interannual
variability contains additive and modulation components /46/. The additive
component is presented by a sequence of annual averages while the modulation
component is manifested through the interannual variability of parameters of
the annual variations and in the interannual variations of the synoptic
variability characteristics.
In the troposphere of East Antarctica, no statistically
significant climatic changes in the temperature field were detected, but in
Central Antarctic part a small cooling was found /53/.
The tendency for the tropospheric warming above the
Antarctic Peninsula is in agreement with the change of the Antarctic
Oscillation index (Southern Hemisphere annular mode) /40, 42/.
The coincidence of the tendencies of the interannual
variability of the dynamic Àntarctic Oscillation and the thermal regime
parameters of the atmosphere above the Antarctic Peninsula indicate that the
pronounced regional warming can be related to the prevailing changes in the
circulation conditions in the Southern Hemisphere /42/.
Increasing of
macro-scale circulation meridional form frequency during last two decades is
due to systematic inflow of warm tropospheric air masses coming from the North
to Antarctic Peninsula area. The possible influence of oceanic forcing on
surface warming formation over Antarctic Peninsula is the Antarctic circumpolar
current consumption change due to systematic inflow warm intermediate water
masses into Bellingshausen Sea shelf /37/.
The climatic regime of the free atmosphere of the
Southern Polar Area is characterized by some specific features as compared with
the state of the troposphere and the stratosphere of other climatic zones.
These features include powerful spring stratospheric warming events, a unique
dynamic regime of a strong circumpolar vortex, maximum resources of available
potential energy of Earth, special conditions of the radiation energy exchange
and physical-chemical transformations in the atmosphere. Significant experience
of upper-air sounding at the Russian
(Soviet) Antarctic stations has been presently summarized in the meteorological
block of the geo-information system (GIS) “The Antarctic”, which is intended
for a numerical analysis of the environmental state of the Southern Polar Area
based on available observation data over the period of instrumental
measurements.
For quantitative explanation of the seasonal air
temperature variations in the stratosphere, especially the formation of strong
summer inversion, it is necessary to assess a relative contribution of
radiation heating, dynamic factors and the ozone genesis processes. This has
become possible in recent years due to construction of three-dimensional models
of the general atmospheric circulation with interactive description of
photochemical processes /31,51/.
Comprehensive data set for methane content in
Antarctic atmosphere is developed /52/, natural methane sources (ornitogenic
soil) on sub-Antarctic islands near Antarctic Peninsula were found.
Handbooks for meteorological forecasting in
Antarctica was prepared /50/.
Cyclonic and meso-cyclonic eddies parameters
for both polar areas atmosphere are calculated /47,48,49,57/ based on
reanalysis and satellite data.
3. Geophysical and meteorological
processes
Database of geophysical, aerological and meteorological observations in the Antarctica for 1980-1991 and measurements of the atmospheric electric field at Vostok station for 1998-2002 have been used to study structure and dynamics of geophysics processes in the Southern polar cap and their influence on atmospheric processes. The following main results have been obtained in 1999-2002.
1) Relationship between index of magnetic activity in
the southern polar cap (PCS index)and interplanetary and ionospheric electric
field has been examined. The quadratic dependence of the polar cap electric
field on the PC-index has been derived. It has been sown that abrupt increase
of the PC index undoubtedly indicates development of the magnetospheric
substorm. These circumstances make it possible to regard the PC index as one of
the most reliable and accessible indicators of state of the magnetosphere. At
present the PCS index is calculated on the basis of magnetic data from Vostok
station and published online at the AARI web-site (http://www.aari.nw.ru).
2) Measurements of the atmospheric, near-surface vertical electric field Ez were started at the Russian Antarctic station Vostok (j = 78°27S, l = 106°52E) in 1998. The unique archives of data has been obtained since the “fair weather” conditions (that is absence of high winds, falling or drifting snow, clouds, and electric field “pollution” from the station’s power plant) are fulfilled at Vostok in 78% of days in year. It was shown that the average diurnal variation of Ez for these days follows the global geoelectric field “fair-weather” diurnal variation: the “Carnegie” curve, which describes the global electric circuit formed by the thunderstorm activity occurring mostly over equatorial regions. The Ez diurnal variation shows strong seasonal dependence: it is maximum (~40 % of the average daily magnitude) in summer, but gradually reduces through the equinoctial months and is minimum during the austral winter. Variations of the electric field have been analyzed in conjunction with changes of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Ez field at Vostok is strongly affected by variations in both the IMF By and Bz components. The influence of By is dominant during geomagnetic daytime hours (1100-1400 UT at Vostok): Ez increases with By in the range –10 nT to +10 nT. The IMF Bz effect is mainly seen at dawn (Ez increases with negative Bz ) and dusk (Ez increases with positive Bz).
To reveal effects of the thunderstorm lightning flashes
on the global electric circuit the behavior of the Ez field at
Vostok station is compared with thunderstorm occurrence determined with an
accuracy of microseconds from spacecraft measurements in April 1998 and with
simultaneous VLF emission measurements at Halley staton (
3) Fluxes of galactic cosmic rays altered by solar
wind and spikes of solar cosmic rays are usually examined as one possible
mechanism of solar activity influencing the Earth’s atmosphere. The detail
analysis of the aerological data from Vostok station (Antarctica) for 1978-1992
made it possible to find the dramatic changes of the troposphere temperature
influenced by strong fluctuations of the interplanetary electric field ESW.
The warming is observed at ground level and cooling at h >10 km if the
electric field of dawn-dusk direction is enhanced (when IMF DBZ <0). The opposite deviation of the atmospheric
temperatures (cooling at the ground level and warming at h >10km) is
observed if the dawn-dusk electric field decreases (when DBZ >0). There is a linear relationship between the value
of D ESW and ground temperature at Vostok
station: the larger is leap in the ESW the stronger is temperature
deviation. The effect reaches maximum within one day and is damped equally
quickly. The temperature deviations occur not only while passing the front of
the interplanetary shocks but while crossing the layers of interaction between
the quasi-stationary slow and fast solar wind fluxes those are not accompanied
by the cosmic ray variations at all. Analysis of the hourly data from
meteorological station MILOS -500 at Vostok along with data from other
automatic weather meteorological stations (AWS) located at the Antarctic ice
dome made it possible to estimate the typical time delay tD between
changes in the interplanetary electric field and appropriate response in the
ground temperature is estimated. tD turned out
to be changed from 12 to 36 hours depending on efficiency of the interplanetary
electric field, the value of tD being
estimated as product of magnitude of ESW and duration of it’s
influence. The appropriate response to the ESW changes is observed
in tropospheric pressure and wind as well. Thus a new, effective channel of the
solar activity influence on the atmospheric processes, and, thereby, on the
weather and climate is found. It is suggested that the interplanetary electric
field affects the catabatic system of atmospheric circulation, typical of the
ice dome in winter Antarctic.
4) Influence of short-term changes in solar activity on baric (pressure) field perturbations is
studied with using of such characteristics as the Sazonov index (IS),
describing the intensity of meridional circulation, the Blinova index (IB),
describing the intensity of zonal circulation, and “vorticity area index” (VAI)
describing the tropospheric cyclonic perturbations. The epoch superposition
method is used to reveal effects of the solar central meridian (CM) passage of
active regions, the Forbush decreases (FD) in galactic cosmic rays, and the
solar proton (SP) events. The results of the analysis show that influence of
short-term changes in the solar activity on baric field perturbations is the
most evident in the stratosphere (30 mbar-level). The meridional circulation in
case of the Forbush decreases and SP events starts to increase about 5-7 days
before the key date, reaches maximum close by the key date and decays after the
key date. The meridional circulation in case of the solar CM passage of active
regions starts to increase after the key date and reaches maximum by 5-6 day.
Fluctuations of baric field with periods of 5-7 days are typical of meridional
and zonal circulations in troposphere (500 mbar-level), intensities of
meridional and zonal circulations being fluctuated oppositely in phase. VAI
index characterizing cyclonic activity in troposphere, shows the striking correspondence
to changes of the meridional circulation in stratosphere. Comparison of changes
in the stratospheric perturbations with behavior of the UV irradiance in course
of the FD and SP events shows the striking resemblance in the initial run of
these processes. The conclusion is made that growth of baric perturbations
observed in the stratosphere in associations with the FD and SP events before
the key date is caused by the solar UV irradiance increase, whereas decay of
the baric perturbations after the key date is related to direct influence of
the solar energetic corpuscular fluxes on the lower stratosphere.
It has been shown relationship between the short-term
disturbances (<27 days) in stratospheric circulation on the level 30hPa with
the corresponding variations of the solar UV irradiation: increase of the MgII
index leads to growth of the meridional circulation, decrease of the MgII index
leads to decay of the meridional circulation. This relationship is modulated by
the quasi-biennial periodicity and by the 11 year variation of the solar
activity.
A study
of relationships between variations in the solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance
and quasi-biennial oscillations (QBO) in the Earth’s atmosphere has been
carried out by using the composite Mg II index as a signature of the solar UV
irradiance. The middle-term changes in the UV-irradiation have been separated
after removing the long-term (»11 years) and short-term (»27 days)
variations. It has been shown that the solar UV irradiance tends to be higher
in years of the east QBO phase and less in years of the west QBO phase. The
detail analysis of changes in the stratospheric wind direction at layers from
10 mb to 70 mb for 1978-2001 showed that the wind changes start at higher
altitudes and go down to lower ones, the wind intensity being the greatest in
layer of the maximum ozone content (about 20 mb). There is obvious rotation in
the stratospheric wind profiles, the quiet periods being alternated with active
periods, characterizing by strong disturbing winds. Some of these stages occur
only in certain seasons, which implies that they are guided by the internal
atmospheric mechanisms. Duration of active stages can be affected by level of
the UV irradiance. Conclusion is made that variability of the QBO-phase duration
in the equatorial stratosphere can be interpreted if influence of the solar UV
medium-term variation on basic stratospheric processes is taken into account.
The main result
for 1999-2002: It is found that variations of the interplanetary electric field
essentially affect the atmospheric processes in the southern polar region.
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40. Marshall G.J., V.E. Lagun, and T.A. Lachlan-Cope, 2002: Changes in Antarctic Peninsula tropospheric temperatures from 1956-99: a synthesis of observations and reanalysis data. Intern. J. Climatol., 22, 291-310.
41. Jagovkina S.V., Lagun V.E. Statistical analysis of modern climate changes observed in West and East Antarctic. 8th International Meeting on Statistical Climatology. March 12-16, 2001, University of Lueneburg. Germany,50-51.
42. Lagun V.Ye., Jagovkina S.V. Some features of free atmosphere regime in Antarctica. Quarterly Bulletin RAE. 2001. - ¹ 2. – 35–42.
43. Lagun V.E. Statistical climatology and interannual variability of the exratropical cyclone parameters in the global atmosphere / 8th International Meeting on Statistical Climatology. March 12-16, 2001, University of Lueneburg. Germany. 51-52 pp.
44. Danilov A.I., Klepikov A.V., Lagun V.E. Current
climate changes in the Antarctic. Sci. conf. on the results of studies in the
area of hydrometeorology and environmental pollution monitoring in the CIS
countries devoted to a 10-year anniversary of the establishment of the
Inter-State Council on Hydrometeorology. 23-26 April 2002. Abstracts. Section
3. Climatic and environmental changes and the influence of these changes on the
economy and the population. St. Petersburg, Hydrometeoizdat. 2002. –6-8. (in
Russian).
45. Klepikov A.V., Danilov A.I., Kattsov V.M., Lagun Â.Å, Aleksandrov Ye.I. Contemporary changes in Antarctic
climate system and future change scenarios. Sci. Conf. “Investigation and
protection of Antarctic environment”. Express Information. Issue 15. SPb: 2002
- 57-59 (in Russian).
46. Lagun V.Ye., Ivanov N.Ye. On the statistical structure
of the field of surface air temperature and atmospheric pressure at sea level
in the Antarctic Peninsula area (from data of the Russian Bellingshausen
station). Quarterly Bulletin RAE. - 2001. - ¹ 4 (17). – 53-60, http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/South.
47. Lagun V.E. Ñlimatology and interannual variability of the
extratropical cyclone parameters in the global atmosphere. Symposium “Variability
of Extratropical Cyclone and Storm Track Activity “ XXV General Assembly of the
EGS, Nice, France, 2000, session OA32.03. Annales Geophysicae. Supplement A.
48. Lagun V.E., Loutsenko E.I. Diagnostic study of the
extraordinal polar low development event over Kara sea. General Assembly of the
EGS The Hague, 1999, session OA21 Annales Geophysicae.1999. Supplement A.
49. Lagun V.E., Loutsenko E.I. Diagnostic study of the
polar low genesis event climatology over Arctic and Antarctic seas. General
Assembly of the EGS Nice, 2000, session OA23. Annales Geophysicae. Supplement
A.
50. Ryzhakov L.Yu., Lutsenko E.I, Beliazo V.A., Kuznetsov
A.V., Lagun V.E., Korotkov A.I. Russian Antarctic stations description.
International Antarctic Forecasters Handbook. WMO-EC WG on Antarctic
Meteorology. Geneve. 2000. 782 pp.
51. Egorova T.A., Rozanov E.V., Karol I.L., Zubov V.A.,
Malyshev S.L. Modeling interannual variations of total ozone in 1993-2000 and
the effect of introducing restrictions for production of ozone destroying
substances. Meteorol. Hydrol. 2001.
No.1. 5-13 (in Russian).
52. Lagun Â.Å., Jagovkina S.V. On methane measurements in
Antarctica. Quarterly Bulletin RAE. 2002. - ¹ 2. – 35-42.
53. Turner J., Colwell S.R., Marshall G.J., Lachlan-Cope
T., Carleton A.M., Jones P.D, Lagun V.E, Reid P.A., Iagovkina
S.V. Climate Change over the Antarctic During the Last 100 Years From Station
data: Results from the SCAR READER Project. Journal of Climate. 2003. – V. 16.
54. Smith K.L., Glatts R.C., Baldwin R.J., Chereskin T.K.,
Ruhl H., Lagun V.E. Weather, ice, and snow conditions at Deception Island,
Antarctica: long time-series photographic monitoring. Deep-Sea Research. 2003.
- V. 49.
55. Egorova T.A., Lagun V.E. Ozone trend modelling in
Antarctica. Sci. Conf. “Investigation and protection of Antarctic environment”.
Express information. Issue 15. SPb: 2002 – 40 p., (in Russian).
56. Lagun V.E. Database and Handbook of Antarctic
atmosphere climate. Sci. Conf.
“Investigation and protection of Antarctic environment”. Express
information. Issue 15. SPb: 2002. - 55-57 (in Russian).
57. Lagun V.E, Loutsenko E.I. Cyclone and mesocyclone in
Southern polar area. Sci. Conf.
“Investigation and protection of Antarctic environment”. Express information.
Issue 15. SPb: 2002 - 62-64 (in Russian).
58. Lagun V.E., Ivanov N.E. Statistical structure of
surface temperature and sea level pressure fields in Antarctic Peninsula area.
Scientific Conference “Investigation and protection of Antarctic environment”.
Express information. Issue 15. SPb: 2002. - 2002 - 57-59 (in Russian).
59. Lagun V.E. Antarctic atmosphere climate variability in
XX century. Joint Workshop on Indo-Russian scientific collaboration in Polar
Science. 9-12 April 2002. Abstarct Vol. Ed. Khare N. – Goa. India – 57 p.
60. Dutta H.N., Deb N.C., Kumar A., Ojna D., Gajananda
Kh., Lagun V. Surface wind characteristics over the Schrmacher region, East
Antarctica. XII National Space Science Symposium (NSSS-2002). Barkatullah
University, Bhopal February 25-28, 2002. – P. 67.
61. Gajananda Kh, Deb N.C., Dutta H.N., Ojna D., Lagun V.
Prolonged presence of elevated layer in the planetary boundary layer over
Maitri, Antarctica. XII National Space Science Symposium (NSSS-2002).
Barkatullah University, Bhopal February 25-28, 2002. – P. 65.
62. Gajananda Kh, Deb N.C., Dutta H.N., Gera B.S.,
Mastrantonio G., Stefania A., Lagun V. Atmospheric dynamics during widespread
warming over East Antarctica in February, 1996.
XII National Space Science Symposium (NSSS-2002). Barkatullah
University, Bhopal February 25-28, 2002. – 107 p.
63. Gajananda Kh, Deb N.C., Dutta H.N., Lagun V. Thermal
convection over Schirmacher region and its role in dispersal of microorganisms
in Antarctica. XII National Space Science Symposium (NSSS-2002). Barkatullah
University, Bhopal, February 25-28, 2002. – 81 p.
64. Lagun Â.Å. Multidimensional data- base for Antarctic Climate/
Enviromis 2002 International Conference. Tomsk, July, 6-12, 2002. - 49 p.
- Egorova
L.Y., Vovk V.Ya., Troshichev O.A., Influence of variations of cosmic rays
on atmospheric pressure and temperature in the Southern pole region. J. Atmos. Solar_Terr. Phys., 2000.
– V. 62. - 955-966.
- Frank-Kamenetsky
A.V., G.B Burns, O.A.Troshichev, V.O. Papitashvili, E.A. Bering, W.J.R.
French, The geoelectric field at Vostok, Antarctica: its relation to the
interplanetary magnetic field and the cross polar cap potential
difference. J. Atmosp. Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1999. - V. 61. - 1347-1356.
67. Frank-Kamenetsky A.V., Troshichev O.A., Burns G.B., Papitashvili V.O. Variations of the atmospheric electric field in the near-pole region related to the interplanetary magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res., 2001.V. 106. - 179-190.
- Gabis,
I.P., and O.A. Troshichev, 2000: Influence of short-term changes in solar
activity on baric field perturbations in the stratosphere and troposphere.
J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., V. 62. – 725-735.
- Gabis
I.P., Troshichev O.A. Influence of the short-term variations of the solar
UV irradiation on the stratospheric circulation. Geomagn. and Aeronomy,
2001. V. 41. - 1-12 (in Russian).
70. Gabis I.P., Troshichev O.A. Influence of solar UV irradiance on quasi-biennial oscillations in the Earth’s atmosphere. Adv. Space Res. - 2003.
- Troshichev,
O. A., Gabis I. P. Variations of solar UV irradiance related to short-term
and medium term changes of solar activity. J. Geophys. Res. 1998. - V.103. -P. 20659-20667.
72. Troshichev, O.A., and R.Yu. Lukianova, 2002: Relation of PC index to the solar wind parameters and substorm activity in time of magnetic storms. J. Atmos. Solar_Terr. Phys., V.64.
- Troshichev,
O.A., R.Yu. Lukianova, V.O. Papitashvili, F.J. Rich, and O.A. Rasmussen,
2000: Polar cap index as a proxy for high-latitude ionospheric electic
fields // Geophys. Res. Lett., V. 27, 3809-3812.
74. Troshichev, O., A. Frank-Kamenetsky, G. Burns, M. Fuellekrug, A. Rodger, and V. Morozov, 2003: The Relationship between variations of the atmospheric electric field in the southern polar region and thunderstorm activity. Adv. Space Res..
75. Troshichev, O.A., L.V. Egorova, and V.Ya. Vovk, 2003: Influence of the solar wind variations on atmospheric parameters in the Southern polar region. Adv. Space Res.
ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION
Yu. M. Timofeyev
Research Institute of Physics, St-Petersburg State University,
Ulyanovskaya Str. 1,
St-Petersburg-Petrodvorets, Russia (tim@phys.spbu.ru)
Topics of investigations performed in Russia in the field of atmospheric radiation are very extensive therefore five lines of studies involving the complete specter of scientific treatments are represented in the review.
Radiative-transfer theory
1.
Studies of radiation transfer mechanism by different methods and
development of new models
A
number of new models have been developed with using the analytical and semi-analytical methods; among those – models of
polarized radiation:
-
small-angle modification of method of
spherical harmonics for solving the vector equation of radiation transfer for
infinite homogeneous media with point mono-ward source of non-polarized light
(Budak and Veklenko, MEI);
-
a method for calculating the
polarization characteristics of radiation (with single-scattered assumption) in
real atmosphere with point isotropic source (Puzanov, SPS “Radon”, Moscow);
-
a scheme for precise calculating the
brightness of light aureole around lazer beam in atmosphere (IAG);
- analytical approaches for calculating the radiation reflection and transmission by dense cloud layer with taking the polarization into account (Konovalov, IAM RAS).
Methods of statistical modeling are used for determining the radiation fields for more complicated cases. Multi-layer model of broken clouds was developed and used for analyzing the influence of the correlation of cloud layers on radiation fluxes (Zuravleva, IAO SB RAS and Prigarin, ICMMP SB RAS). In IAP RAS (Postylyakov), the statistical simulation was used for determining the connection between data of satellite measurements and distributions of atmospheric trace gases. This connection was further used in the inverse problem of retrieving the atmospheric constituents.
New stage in numerical
methods of solving the radiation transfer equation
is connected with the making of super-computers with parallel architecture with
1012-1013 operations per s. In
IAP RAS grid algorithms for solving the transfer equation have been developed
and realized in the code RADUGA–5.1 (for single-processor computer) and
RADUGA5.1(P) (for multi-processor one). These programs are designed for a wide
range of tasks including problems of atmospheric optics (for the time being –
without polarization) and make possible calculations for inhomogeneous mediums
with two- and three-dimensional geometries with inner and external sources
(distributed and 
–shaped), with possible reflection by external boundaries
under common assumption on the scattering, reflection and source anisotropy. It
was shown that the above codes allow the modeling of radiation transfer for
wide class of inhomogeneous mediums for different types of sources and
reflecting surfaces (Germogenova and Nikolaeva, 2001; Bass at al., 2001;
Germogenova et al., 2001).
2.
Development of methods and
models for calculating the radiation transfer in problems of ocean optics
Scientists of IO RAS (SPb branch) developed new theories and models
(Zolotukhin and Levin, 1999; Kokorin and Shifrin, 2000; Levin, 2000):
- the model for calculating the sea surface irradiance under broken clouds. It takes into consideration the cloud amount and size, the sun evaluation and radiation spectral range. The model may be used in the algorithms of water parameter retrieval for remote sensing problems;
- the optical model of maritime atmosphere for the problem of optimal experimental design in ocean remote sensing;
- the theory of the oil film imaging on the sea surface from space and recommendations for using the spectral channels of color scanners SeaWiFS, MISR, and MODIS for detection of the surface contamination;
- the optical model of sea bottom imaging through the rough sea surface. The model based on the theoretical and experimental study takes into account the image distortion by surface waves and backscattering in water and atmosphere. It can be used for determination of optimal observation conditions and strategy;
Besides, theoretical studies of scattering parameters of sediment particles and maritime aerosol on the basis of the model of radial-inhomogeneous particles have been completed.
3.
Studies of radiation transfer in
crystal and mixed clouds has been performed in IEM SPA
"Typhoon" (Petrushin, 2001, 2002).
Principal
optical characteristics of scattered radiation (indicatrix of scattering the
non-polarized radiation, sections and effectiveness factors for radiation
attenuation, scattering and absorption) which are required for calculating the
radiative cloud characteristics have been obtained. Parametrization of optical
characteristics for crystal and mixed clouds as a function of different
parameters of microstructure has been completed.
4.
Development of the theory of non-LTE
radiation transfer
Following scientific results have been obtained by scientists of SPbSU:
- the standard problem of non-LTE radiative transfer in a rovibrational band for an optically semi-infinite plane-parallel planetary atmosphere using a model of a linear molecule with two vibrational states has been formulated and solved (Shved and Ogibalov, 2000);
- Khvorostovskaya et al. (2002) have presented the first laboratory measurement of the rate constant for quenching the CO2 (0110) state during collisions of CO2 molecules with O atoms at temperatures realized near the Earth’s mesopause. The measured values are significantly smaller than those commonly used in solving the non-LTE CO2 problem for the vibrational states of the mode n2 in the atmospheres of the Earth, Venus, and Mars;
- three simplified non-LTE CO2 models for the Earth is presented by Ogibalov and Shved (2002). The models are distinguished by the number of states included in solving for the steady-state populations of the CO2 vibrational levels;
- estimates of the population of excited vibrational states of the CO2 molecule and of the rate of radiative cooling of the atmosphere in the 15-mm CO2 band are produced by Ogibalov and Shved (2003) for the nighttime mesosphere and thermosphere of Mars on the basis of new laboratory data on the rate constant for quenching of the CO2(0110) by O, which has been measured for low temperatures by Khvorostovskaya et al. (2002);
- an estimation of population inversion for the (0000) and (1000) states of the CO2 molecule in the Earth’s atmosphere has been performed by Shved and Ogibalov (2000);
- a refinement in radiative heat influx and its parameterization have been performed using the new rate constant measured by Khvorostovskaya et al. [2002] by Ogibalov at al. (2000).
- a new self-consistent model of the Î2 daylight emissions in middle atmosphere is developed. It is shown that the O3 height profiles retrieved with using this model from measured emissivities at 762 nm and 2.27 mm agree within the experimental error (Yankovsky and Manuilova, 2003).
References
Bass, L.P., T.A.
Germogenova, and N.V. Konovalov, 2001: Numerical solving of polarized radiation
transfer equation in axially symmetric domains. In: IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W.L.
Smith and Yu.M. Timofeyev (Eds.). A.Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 276-278.
Bass, L.P., T.A. Germogenova, N.V. Konovalov, O.V.
Nikolaeva, and A.M. Voloschenko, 2001: Accuracy Estimations of calculational
results in radiative transfer problems. In: IRS
2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W.L. Smith and
Yu.M. Timofeyev (Eds.). A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 303-306.
Bass, L.P., V.S.
Kuznetsov, and O.V. Nikolaeva, 2001: Specialized algorithms for solving of
radiation transfer equation in atmosphere and ocean optics problems. Code
RADUGA-5.0. In: IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation,
W.L. Smith and Yu.M. Timofeyev (Eds.). A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton,
Virginia, pp. 357-360.
Germogenova, T.A.,
and O.V. Nikolaeva, 2001: Rough-grid approximations of radiation transfer
equation. Tasks with an appreciabe absorption. Journ. Comput. Math. and Mathem.
Physics, 41, 620-640.
Germogenova, T.A.,
and O.V. Nikolaeva, 2001: Rough-grid approximations of radiation transfer
equation. Tasks with a weak absorption. Journ. Comput. Math. and Mathem.
Physics, 41, 732–755.
Gilbert, G., L. Dolin, I.
Levin, A. Luchinin, and S. Stewart, 2002: An application of an advanced
stochastic bottom model for airborne hyperspectral imager data collection.
Proc. SPIE, Ocean Optics: Remote Sensing and Underwater Imaging, 4488, 36-45.
Gilbert, G., L. Dolin, I.
Levin, et al., 2001: Image transfer through a rough sea surface. Proc. of Int.
Conf. "Current Problems in Optics of Natural Waters" (ONW'2001), I. Levin
and G. Gilbert, Editors, Proc. of D.S. Rozhdestvensky Optical Society, St.
Petersburg, Russia, 24-31.
Khvorostovskaya,
L.E., I.Yu. Potekhin, G.M. Shved, et al., 2002: Measurement of the rate
constant for quenching CO2(0110) by atomic oxygen at low temperatures:
Reassessment of the rate of cooling by the CO2 15-mm emission in the
lower thermosphere. Izv., Atm. Ocean. Phys, 38, 613-624 (Engl. transl.)
Kokorin, A.M. and
K.S. Shifrin, 2000: Influence of humidity on the parameters of light scattering
by radially-inhomogeneous maritime aerosol. J. Opt. Technology, 67,.55-59.
Levin, I.M., 2000:
Model for computation of the ocean surface irradiance under broken clouds. Izv.
Atm. Ocean. Physics, 36, 102-108.
Ogibalov, V.P. and
G.M. Shved, 2003: An improved optical model for the non-LTE problem for the CO2
molecule in the atmosphere of Mars: Nighttime populations of vibrational states
and the rate of radiative cooling of the atmosphere . Solar System Res., 37, 1.
Ogibalov, V.P., 2000:
The CO2 non-LTE problem: Taking account of the multi-quantum
transitions on the n2 mode during CO2-O
collisions. Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 25, 493-499.
Ogibalov, V.P.,
A.A. Kutepov, and V.I. Fomichev, 2000: Radiative heating effected by infrared
CO2 bands in the middle and upper atmosphere. Izv., Atm. Ocean.
Phys., 36, 454-464.
Ogibalov, V.P., and G.M.
Shved, 2002: Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium in CO2 in the
middle atmosphere: III. Simplified models for the set of vibrational states. J.
Atm. Solar-Terr. Phys., 64, 389-396.
Osadchy, V.U., Shifrin K.S., Gurevich I.Ya., 1999: The airborne identification of oil films at the Caspian sea surface using CO2 lidar. Oceanologica Acta,. 22, 1, 51-56.
Petrushin, A.G.,
2001: The main optical characteristics of light scattering by mixed clouds.
Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 37, S149-S156.
Petrushin, A.G.,
2002: Light scattering by mixed-phase clouds. Proceeding of SPIE, 4678,
372-381.
Shved, G.M. and
Semenov A.O., 2001: The standard problem of nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium
radiative transfer in the rovibrational band of the planetary atmosphere. Solar
System Res., 35, 212-226.
Shved, G.M.,
Ogibalov V.P., 2000: Natural population inversion for the CO2
vibrational states in Earth’s atmosphere. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 62,
993-997.
Yankovsky, V.A. and
Manuilova R.O., 2003: A new self-consistent model of daylight emissions of the Î2 2(à1Dg, v≥0) and Î2(b1Sg+, v=0, 1, 2) in middle
atmosphere. Retrieval of the ozone vertical profiles from measured profiles of
the intensity of these emissions. Optics of Atm. and Oceans.
Zolotukhin, I.V., and
I.M. Levin, 1999: Application of the theory of optimal experimental design to
remote sensing of phytoplankton and other optically active substances in the
ocean. Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 35, 616–624.
Atmospheric Molecular Spectroscopy
Scientific studies have been carried out in directions:
1.
Development of new informative-computational
systems and databases on spectroscopic and photo-chemical parameters of
atmospheric gases;
2.
Theoretical
and experimental investigations of spectroscopic parameters of atmospheric
gases and concrete systems, the modeling of atmospheric radiation and the
verification of models by experimental data;
In the last years, a number of informative-computational systems and databases was developed:
- “Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Gases” (IAO SB RAS), giving the Internet-access to the information on parameters of spectral lines (PSL), absorption cross-sections of atmospheric gases and destined for solving the problems of molecular spectroscopy. The PSL base is databases of spectroscopic information HITRAS-2000 (including the H2O, CH4, O2, NO, NO2 è C2H2 data of 2001) and GEISA-97. In addition CO2 molecule is presented by original calculation data (Tashkun et al., 2001).
- Internet-accessible information system "Spectroscopy and the Molecular Properties of Ozone" (S&MPO) (IAO SB RAS in collaboration with Reims University), which contains computational and experimental ozone spectra up to 5800 cm-1. S&MPO involves the information on the ozone absorption spectra, enables the modeling of the ozone absorption spectra in inter-active regime and the comparison of calculation spectra with experimental ones. Built-in high-precise database of parameters of CO2 spectral lines contains the best all-around information on spectral line parameters for four frequent isotopic modifications of the molecule [(http://ozone.iao.ru and http://ozone.univ-reims.fr].
- Database of physical-chemical and spectroscopic parameters for modeling the processes in high-temperature gaseous mediums (SOI), which provides a means for physics–mathematical simulation and calculations of optical gas characteristics in the ranges: temperatures – 200-10000 K; pressures – 10-5-10,0 atm, wavelengths – 0,1-25,0 mm and for arbitrary averaging spectral intervals.
- Database for calculating the spectral characteristics of the ÑÎ2 high-temperature spectra (ITOES).
- Database of atmospheric photo-chemical reactions (TSU and IAO SB RAS) which is the basic component of informative-computational system on atmospheric chemistry. It involves photochemical, biomolecular and thermo-molecular reactions.
In the frames of the second direction, theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out by a number of institutes.
Scientists of IAO SB RAS have put out considerable effort for determining the parameters of vibration-rotation lines. This work was primarily directed to provide databases. Calculation models which present vibration-rotation spectra of the CO2 (Tashkun et al., 2000), the ozone (Sulakshina et al., 2000), the carbon bisulphide (Naumenko and Compargue, 2001) which describe the vibration-rotation lines with the accuracy close to recent experiment were developed. In addition, the influence of intermolecular interaction on spectral characteristics (the line narrowing due to collisions) (Kochanov, 2000) and the influence of rotational excitation on thermodynamic characteristics of atmospheric gases (Starikov and Kopytin, 2000) have been studied.
The study of line mixing effects on the shapes of vibration-rotation bands in the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of simple molecules was carried out in two directions by specialists of SPbSU. First, experimental and theoretical investigations of the CH4 spectra in the range of the main bands were investigated. The frequencies and intensities of rotation-vibration lines were estimated from the experimental spectra at Doppler shape conditions and the HITRAS data were refined. The line broadening coefficients were found from lower pressure (below 1 atm) data for mixture spectra. The same values were calculated theoretically and then those were used for the attribution of overlapped lines in clusters (Grigoryev et al., 2001; 2002). The second direction of studies was connected with developing the empirical forms of rotational relaxation matrix which allow to easily calculate the shapes of the vibration-rotation bands for the molecules of practical importance, firstly CO2 and H2O. Atmospheric transmittance in the 8-12 mm atmospheric window has been estimated and the mechanism of radiation transfer in the condition of overlapped lines and bands has been considered an example of pure CO2 gas (Filippov et al., 2002).
Scientists of IAP performed the precision investigation of atmospheric radiation absorption in wide frequency range (from 45 to 203 GHz) by resonator spectroscopic methods. The measurement sensitivity and accuracy exceed the world level by about an order. These studies involve the O2 absorption band near 60 GHz, a sequence of O2 lines at 118 GHz and H2O at 183 GHz and the windows of relative atmospheric transmittance. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations (Tretyakov et al., 2001).
In IAO SB RAS, simulation of continuous absorption by CO2 and water vapor is carried on (Golovko 2001, 2001a). On the basis of complex laboratory and atmospheric measurements it was determined that, in the macro-windows of the 0.4 ìêì - 1.1 mm spectral range, the radiation absorption by small-disperse aerosol particles in the ground atmospheric layer can exceed the input from molecular constituents of atmospheric air by more than an order (Kozlov et al., 2002).
References
Filippov, N.N.,
V.P. Ogibalov, and M.V. Tonkov, 2002: Line mixing effect on the pure CO2
absorption in the 15 mm region. JQSRT, 72, 4, 315-325.
Golovko, V.F.,
2001: Calculation of CO2 absorption spectra in wide spectral
intervals. Opt. Atm. and Ocean, 14,
879-885.
Golovko, V.F., 2001a:
Continuous absorption of water vapor and a problem of the absorption
enhancement in the humid atmosphere. JQSRT, 69, 431-446.
Grigoriev, I.M., N.N. Filippov, M.V. Tonkov et al., 2002: Line parameters and shapes of high clusters: R branch of the n3 band of CH4 in He mixtures. JQSRT, 74, 431-443.
Grigoriev, I.M., N.N. Filippov, M.V. Tonkov et al., 2001: Estimation of line parameters under line mixing effects: the n3 band of CH4 in helium. JQSRT, 69, 189-204.
Kochanov, V.P.,
2000:Collision line narrowing and mixing of multiplet spectra. JQSRT, 66, 313-325.
Kozlov, V.S., M.V.
Panchenko, A.B. Tikhomirov, and B.A. Tikhomirov, 2002: Measurement of aerosol
absorption of the radiation with the 694.300 nm in ground atmospheric layer.
Opt. Atm. and Ocean, 15, 756-761.
Naumenko, O., and
A.J. Compargue, 2001: J. Mol. Spectrosc., 210,1-9.
Starikov, V.I., and
Yu.D. Kopytin, 2000: Optics of Atm. and Ocean, 13, 5, 471.
Sulakshina, O.N.,
Borkov Yu., Tyuterev Vl. G., and Barbe A., 2000: High-order derivatives of the
dipole moment function for the ozone molecule. J.Chem.Phys., 113, 1-11.
Tashkun, S.A., V.I.
Perevalov, J.L. Teffo et al., 2000: 13C16O2:
Global treatment of vibrational-rotational spectra and first observation of the
2n1+5n3 and n1+2n2+5n3 absorption bands.
J.Mol.Spectrosc., 200, 162-176.
Tashkun, S.A., V.I.
Perevalov, J.L. Teffo è äð., 2001: High precision databank of line parameters of
the CO2 molecule: version for atmospheric applications, MODAS-2001,
Irkutsk, June 25-29, 2001, Poster P.5.10
Tretyakov, M.Yu., V.V. Parshin, V.N. Shanin, et al., 2001: Real atmosphere laboratory measurement of the 118-GHz oxygen line: Shape, shift, and broadening of the line. Journ. of Molecular Spectroscopy, 208, 110-112.
Radiative Climatology
The
research work on this topic was carried out in several directions:
1.
Ground and satellite monitoring of
radiation balance components as well as solar radiation in different spectral range
including biologically active UV radiation. The development of modern
algorithms for assessment of different scale variations of solar radiation
balance.
2.
Numerical estimations of different
atmospheric parameters influence on solar radiation on the basis of
measurements and modelling and their climatic effects.
3.
The development of algorithms for
solar radiation computation in weather and climate numerical models.
The
research activity within the framework of the first direction is presented by
the results of radiation balance components monitoring at the network of
actinometric (radiation) stations in Russian Federation and Antarctica (MGO,
AASI), long-term measurements of solar radiation balance components as well as
solar radiation on different spectral ranges including UV radiation (MSU, IEM,
IAP RAS, SSU, etc) and the interpretation of the results.
During the last four years the solar radiation data archive has been created for Antarctica region for the period 1957-2001. Using these data the absence of constant trends in solar radiation has been shown for the period of observations (Radionov et al., 2002, 2002a, The catalogue for Antarctic climate, 2002).
In MSU, since 1999 regular measurements of biologically active UV-B radiation by UVB-1 YES instruments have been in operation in addition to the large complex of solar radiation measurements. Since 2001 the long-term program has been started for evaluation of aerosol optical properties in the frame of international program AERONET (Uliumdzhieva et al., 2002). Within the framework of the AERONET program the same aerosol measurements are being in operation in Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk at the territory of Russian Federation. The tendencies in long term changes of atmospheric transparency, cloudiness, solar radiation and surface albedo have been shown on the base of measurements in Moscow for the period 1955-1998 (Abakumova, 2000).
The
analysis of UV radiation variability for 1968-1997 according to the
measurements in Moscow did not reveal the UV trend, however since the middle of
1980s there is a tendency of UV radiation increase, that corresponds to the
results of TOMS satellite measurements (Chubarova et al., 2002; Chubarova and
Nezval’, 2000). On the base of satellite and ground data the variability of
biologically active UV iradiance has been reconstructed since the middle of 20
century over Eurasia (Chubarova et al., 2001). The analysis of biologically
active irradiance variability for Moscow and Moscow suburbs has been fulfilled
(Chubarova, 2002). The monitoring of spectral UV irradiance in Obninsk and
Kislovodsk is being in operation, the results of measurements are analyzed
(Nerushev et al., 2001).
IAP RAS conducts systematic measurements of optical characteristics of aerosol, develops the microphysical models of ground aerosol and models of radiation characteristics for the whole atmospheric depth (Gorchakov et al, 2001). A numerical procedure of calculation of spectral distributions of scattered radiation of the Earth atmosphere allowing, in particular, to calculate the spectral fluxes (downward irradiances) of biologically active ultra-violet radiation, is developed. The procedure is intended for calibration of results of ground-based measurements of UV radiation downward irradiances from all top hemisphere of the sky, spent with the help of Brewer spectrophotometer (Elansky et al., 1999) and based on the numerical model of scattered radiation of the spherically symmetric atmosphere irradiated from above with a plane uniform stationary flux of monochromatic photons (Belikov et al., 2000). It is supposed, that the atmosphere contains aerosol components of several types, generally, with strong anisotropy of scattering.
The
scientists from SSU work on the investigation of radiation balance of the Earth
including the measurements of solar constant, outgoing shortwave radiation and
albedo from sun synchronous satellite “Resource-01”(Sklyarov, 2001, Sklyarov et
al., 2000).
In
the MGO, the model description of the energy exchange at the Earth surface
based on the method of neural networks (NN). (Pokrovsky et al., 2001, 2002).
The combined database of radiative, heat budget and meteorological measurements
has been developed, the work on classification of diurnal cycle of main
meteorological parameters, radiation balance components and heat budget has
been fulfilled, the experiments on tuning and modeling of diurnal cycle with
the help of NN as well as the comparison between modeled and measured data have
been performed.
The
research activity within the framework of the second direction
covers large amount of studies which were fulfilled in different institutes
(IAP RAS, MSU, Kurchatov Center, IAO SO RAS, SPbSU, etc).
On
the base of measurements and modelling the effects of gaseous, aerosol and
cloud impact on solar radiation at the Earth surface in different geographical
regions as well as their possible impact on climate system are discussed
(Tarasova et al., 1999, 2000; Tarasova and Fomin, 2000; Gorchakova et al.,
2001, Vasiliev and Melnikova, 2002; Abakumova et al., 1999, 2002; Shilovtseva
and Feigelson, 2001). The analysis of “abnormal atmospheric absorption” has
been carried out for cloudless conditions based on measurements and modelling
results (Chubarova et al., 1999, Rublev et al., 2001; Trembach et al., 2001).
The radiative effects of non accounting for vertical correlation between
different layers of cloudiness have been assessed on the base of poisson
multilayer cloud model (Titov and Zhuravleva 1999; Prigarin et al., 2002).
Aerosol radiative forcing in the shortwave region of spectrum is being studied
by scientists in IAP RAS (Golitsyn et al., 2002).
The
research activity within the framework of the third direction
concerns the development and comparison of modern radiative codes, which are
incorporated in the weather forecast and climate models.
In
the MGO the analysis of modern radiative algorithms incorporated in the
hydrodynamic climate models which took part in AMIP-2 intercomparisons has been
performed (Sporyshev et al., 2002). Several scientists from MGO and ICM took
part in the ICRCCM3 intercomparison of radiation algorithms (Barker et al.,
2002). The accuracy of frequently used cloud overlapping schemes was evaluated
as a result of intercomparison with reference algorithms as well as the new
better schemes were proposed.
The
algorithm for solar flux estimation in cloudy atmosphere with account for
microphysical cloud properties has been developed as well as non-spherical
particles influence on solar fluxes at the atmosphere boundary and on the
albedo of the Earth-Atmosphere system was estimated in RHMC (Dmitrieva-Arrago
et al., 2001).
Scientists of CAO, RSC “Curchatov Institute” IMP and IAO SB RAS carry on developing the methods for calculating the radiation transfer in the atmosphere and perfecting the radiation blocks of climate models (Mitsel et al., 2001; Tarasova and Fomin, 2000; Tvorogov et al., 2000). A new reduced radiative model for the one-dimensional atmospheric model with the explicit dependence on temperature has been formulated. Based on the model calculations as well as on the comparison with available estimations it was shown that the observed temperature trends in stratosphere and mesosphere observed in last decades mainly had the radiation nature (Rodimova, 2001, Nesmelova et al., 2002). A new K-distribution technique has been developed, which gives a possibility to increase essentially the accuracy and speed (up to ~ 3 times) of radiation codes for climate models (Fomin, 2003).
On
the base of model calculations (Frol’kis, 2002) the possible climatic changes
due to changes in gaseous composition is analyzed.
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Abakumova, G.M.,
2000: Multiyear change tendencies in atmospheric transmittance, clouds, solar
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Abakumova, G.M.,
E.I. Nezval’, O.A. Shilovtseva, 2002: Influence of heap clouds on scattered and
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Belikov, Yu., Yu.
Romanovsky, Sh. Nikolaishvili, R. Peradze, 2000: Numerical model of scattering
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Chubarova, N.E.,
A.N. Rublev, A.N. Trotsenko, V.V. Trembach, 1999: Calculations of solar
radiation fluxes and comparison with data of ground-based measurements in
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Chubarova, N. and
Ye. Nezval', 2000: Thirty year variability of UV irradiance in Moscow. J.
Geophys. Res., Atm., 105, 12529-12539.
Chubarova, N.Ye.,
A.Yu. Yurova, N.N. Uliumdzhieva et al., 2001: Biologically active UV
irradiance: Temporal and spatial variations based on satellite and ground
measurements over Eurasia. In IRS 2000:
Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W. L. Smith and Yu. M.
Timofeyev (Eds.). A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 1189-1192.
Chubarova, N., A.
Yurova, N. Krotkov et al., 2002: Comparisons between ground measurements of
broadband UV irradiance (300 – 380 nm) and TOMS UV estimates at Moscow for
1979-2000. Optical Eng., 41, No. 12,
3070-3081.
Chubarova, N.E.,
2002: Monitoring of bio-active UV radiation in Moscow Region. Izvestiya, Atm. and Ocean. Phys., 38, 3, 354-365.
Dmitrieva-Arrago,
L.R., M.V. Shatunova, and P.I. Luzan, 2001: Influence of cloud’s
parameters variation on radiative characteristics of system ‘Earth-atmosphere.
In IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W. L. Smith and Yu. M.
Timofeyev (Eds.). A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 1251-1254.
Elansky, N.F., I.V.
Mitin, O.V. Postyljakov, 1999: Research limiting accuracy opportunities at
measurement of vertical distribution of ozone by a method of the retrieve with
the help network Brewer spectrophotometer. Izv. RAS, Phys. of Atm and Ocean, 35, 1, 73-85.
Fomin, B.A., 2003:
Method of parameterizing the gaseous absorption of atmospheric radiation
gaseous permitting to obtain K-distributions with minimal number of terms. Opt.
Atm. and Ocean, 15, 4.
Frolkis, V.A., I.L.
Karol, A.A. Kiselev, 2002: Estimates of potentiality of global warming due to
anthropogenic emissions on the basis of IPCC-2001 scenario. In book of thes. of
Int. Symp. Former USSR Count. on Atm. Rad. (ISAR-2), izd. SPb, ISBN
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Golitsyn, G.S.,
I.A. Gorchakova and I.I. Mokhov, 2002: Aerosol radiative forcing under cloudless
conditions in winter ZCAREX-2001. Proceedings of the Twelfth ARM Science Team
Meeting. April 2002, Saint-Petersburg, Florida.
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Gorchakova, I.A.,
I.I. Mokhov, T.A. Tarasova, B.A. Fomin, 2001: Effect of clouds on radiative
transfer in the atmosphere from the data of the 1999 winter Zvenigorod
Experiment. Izv. RAS, Atm. and Ocean. Physics, 37, Suppl. 1, 134-141.
Handbook on
Antarctica Climate. Solar radiation., 2002: SPb, Hydrometeoizdat, 148 pp.
Mitsel, A., K.
Firsov and B.Fomin, 2001: Optical radiation transfer in molecular atmosphere.
Monograph. Russian Academy Publishing (in Russian), Tomsk, 443pp.
Nerushev, A.F.,
N.V. Tereb, V.I. Vasilyev, et al., 2001: Total Ozone Content and UV-Radiation
Monitoring in the Central European Region of Russia. In IRS 2000: Current
Problems in Atmospheric Radiation. A. Deepak Publishing,, Hampton,Virginia,
1173-1176.
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O.B. Rodimova, S.D. Tvorogov: Change in height temperature profile due to the
variations of concentrations of absorbing materials. Calculative technol., 7, special issue, 71-77.
Pokrovsky, O.M.,
I.V. Dalyuk, E.L. Mahkotkina, 2001: On the using of data of actinomety
observations for estimating the validity of radiation block of global model of
atmospheric circulation for Russia. Meteor. and Hydrol., 8, 5-17.
Pokrovsky, O.M.,
E.L. Mahkotkina, 2002: Analysis of inter-year variability and albedo season
behavior from data of Russian actinometric network. Earth Res. from Space, 5,
22-28.
Prigarin, S.M.,
T.B. Zhuravleva, P.V. Volikova, 2002: Poisson model of multi-layer broken
clouds. Optics of Atm and Ocean, 15,
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Radionov, V.F.,
G.G. Sakunov, A.A. Yakovlev, 2002: Study of light-diffusion and horizontal transmittance
of surface atmospheric layer in Antarctica. Meteor. and Hydrol., 11, 31–38.
Radionov,
V.F., M.V. Lamakin, A. Herber, 2002a:
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Rodimova, O.B.,
2001: One-dimensional radiative model with explicit dependence on temperature.
Optics of Atm and Ocean, 14, 485-490.
Shilovtseva, O.,
E.M. Feygelson, 2001: The photosynthetically active solar radiation coming to the Earth Surface by Clear Sky. In IRS
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Timofeyev (Eds.). A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 1035-1038.
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Res. from Space, 3, 58-62.
Sklyarov, Yu.A.,
2001: Problems of estimating the multi-year trend of solar constant and its
connection with global temperature. Earth Res. from Space, 5, 11-17.
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V.P. Meleshko, V.A. Govorkova, T.V. Pavlova, 2002: Simulation of radiative
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Tarasova, T.A.,
C.A. Nobre, B.N. Holben, et al., 1999: Assessment of smoke aerosol impact on
surface solar irradiance measured in the Rondonia region of Brazil during
Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation – Brazil. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 161-170.
Tarasova, T.A. and
B.A. Fomin, 2000: Solar radiation absorption due to water vapor: Advanced
broadband parameterizations. J. Appl. Met., 39, 1947-1951.
Tarasova, T.A.,
C.A. Nobre, T.F. Eck, et al., 2000: Modeling of gaseous, aerosol, and
cloudiness effects on surface solar irradiance measured in Brazil's Amazonia
1992-1995, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 961-971.
Titov, G.A., T.B.
Zhuravleva, 1999: Comparison of two methods of calculating the average fluxes
of solar radiation in two-layer broken clouds (visible range). Optics of Atm.
and Ocean, 12, 207-215.
Trembach, V.V.,
A.N. Rublev, and T.A. Udalova, 2001: Mathematical simulation of surface solar
radiation distribution at broken clouds conditions, in IRS 2000: Current
Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, W. L. Smith and Yu. M. Timofeyev (Eds.). A.
Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia, 1058-1060.
Tvorogov, S.D., L.I. Nesmelova, and O.B. Rodimova,
2000: k-distribution of transmission
function and theory of Dirichlet series. J. QSRT, 66, 243–262.
Vasilyev, A.V., and
I.N. Melnikova, 2002: Shortwave solar radiation in the Earth atmosphere.
Calculations. Measurements. Interpretation. Izd. SPb, 387 pp.
Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Underlying Surface
Principal areas of studies:
1. Passive sounding of the ozonosphere and atmospheric trace gases in visible, IR and microwave spectral ranges;
2. Lidar sounding of the environment;
3. Development and the making of the techniques for radiation studying and remote sensing.
Studies in the frames of the first point are long-term measurements of atmospheric constituents, the analysis of their variability and the elaboration of measurement and interpretation methods. Such studies have been performed by a number of institutes (IAP RAS, SPbSU, LPI RAS, IEM, IRE RAS, MGO, etc.)
During last 33 years systematic spectroscopic measurements of CO, CH4 and H2O have been carried out at Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS) of IAP RAS, at Highland Scientific Station (HSS) (North Caucasia) and in different expeditions, including Arctic and Antarctic (Yurganov et al.; Grechko et al., 2002). The analysis of total CO and CH4 multiyear (~ 30 years) observations revealed positive linear trend equal to ~ 0.9 and 0.5 %/yr for CO and CH4 respectively. In 2000-2002, intercalibration procedures for CO, CH4 and H2O measurements were performed by IAP RAS, IEM and SpbSU (Kashin et al., 2001). In 2002, there were made attempts to use a trajectory analysis to assess the influence of natural and anthropogenic sources to the air contamination at Zvenigorod. After a long period measurements of CO, CH4 and H2O in Antarctica (station Novolazarevskaya) were restarted. Since 1990 at ZSS regular the NO2 spectrophotometric measurements of total column content and vertical distribution in the 0-50 km altitude range have been carried out (Elokhov and Gruzdev, 2000). Results of the analysis revealed the NO2 decrease with the rate of 2-3 % per year.
Regular studies of the ÑÎ, ÑÍ4 variability in the atmosphere near SPb have been conducted by SPbSU using ground-based measurements by the grating spectrometer with spectral resolution > 0.3 cm-1. Results demonstrate the decrease of ÑÎ, ÑÍ4 atmospheric content after 1985 (Makarova et al., 2001). Besides SPbSU in collaboration with German colleagues performed remote measurements of temperature profile and gaseous content of the atmosphere on the basis of interpreting the spectra of downwelling IR radiation measured under cloudless conditions by the Fourier-interferometer OASIS with spectral resolution equal to 0.3-1.0 cm-1 and spectral region 4-18 mm. The special interpretation method involving the retrieval of atmospheric parameters and the correction of parameters of spectra absolute calibration and atmospheric radiation model has been developed and studied. It was shown that the method made possible to retrieve the total content of a number of trace gases (N2O, CH4, CFC-11, CFC-12, CO) and tropospheric ozone content with good accuracy (Virolainen et al., 1999; 2001).
Since January 1996 to December 2002 regular observations of the atmospheric ozone over Moscow were done by means of millimeter-wave (MM) radiometer of LPI RAS at frequencies of the ozone spectral line centered at 142.175 GHz. Profiles of the vertical ozone distribution were retrieved for altitudes from 15 to 75 km, and altitude-temporal ozone distribution was drawn (Solomonov et al., 2001). LPI investigations of the ozonesphere in frameworks of the international campaigns CRISTA/MAHRSI (1997), SOLVE 2000 (1999-2000) were successfully performed as well. Studies of observed regularities – seasonal changes in stratospheric ozone and its variations with periods from several days to several weeks, diurnal changes in mesospheric ozone and its night-time variations, anomalous effects in the ozonosphere – were performed. The analysis of data made it possible to study the correlation between ozone content and large-scale dynamical processes in stratosphere, typical conditions of appearance the anomalous effects in the ozonosphere and to estimate the long-term negative ozone trend (decrease in ozone) over Moscow.
For the first time in the world practice, the collocated measurements of ozone emission rotational spectra at MM waves (LPI RAS) and hydroxyl emission spectra in near IR bands (IAP RAS) were measured for the same region of the upper atmosphere. A method of retrieving the vertical ozone distribution at altitudes up to 100 km from its radio emission spectra was developed. Knowledge the atmosphere temperature at altitudes of 80-90 km obtained from spectrophotometry of hydroxyl emission resulted in considerable increase in accuracy of ozone content determination in mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Noticeable variations of night-time ozone concentration in mesosphere (night to night ozone variations are 2-3 times at 55-75 km altitudes) and in lower thermosphere (the ozone content is varied from 1 to 8 ppm at 90 km altitude) were discovered. A special method allowed to getting the data on concentration of ozone, atomic hydrogen and oxygen as well as on temperature and density of atmosphere at mesopause altitudes (Perminov et al., 2002).
Long-term measurements of total Í2Î and height-averaged relative ÑÎ2 concentration have been performed and analyzed by IEM SPA "Typhoon" at Station Issyk Kul. In Obninsk, Moscow region, specialists of this institute leads also systematic measurements of ÑÍ4 concentration near the ground and atmospheric column content and studies of characteristics of landscape for finding the stable identifiers (radiation, spectral, spatial-temporal, actinometric, etc.) to parameterize those at different meteorological conditions. The investigations have been performed by special spectra-radiometric instrument with meteorological tower.
Regular observations of stratospheric ozone (including the measurements in the frames of the SOLVE program) in N. Novgorod and Apatites have been performed by IAP with heterodyne null-balance microwave spectrometer. Results of simultaneous ozone measurements testifies that despite of large distance between observed points, the ozone is the ensemble connecting with behavior of circumpolar vortex (Krasil’nikov et al., 2002; Kulikov et al., 2002).
In August-September 2000 and April-May 2001 IRE RAS and MGO took part in studying the field of atmospheric microwave radiation over Baltic during International Project CLIWA-NET and carried out measurements at 13,7; 22,2; 37,5 è 90 ÃÃö. Algorithms and codes for automatic processing the data of radiometric and radar measurements, for retrieving the atmospheric total water vapor and cloud water content, participation intensity were developed. In August 2001, the complex experiment for calibration of all radiometers involved in CLIWA-NET was performed at Kabay, Netherlands.
Lidar sounding of environment (and passive sounding as well) has been carried out by specialists of IAO SB RAS at Siberian Lidar Station (Tomsk, 56.50 N, 85.10 E) . These observations cover lidar measurements of O3 vertical distribution, stratospheric temperature and aerosol, spectro-photometric measurements of total ozone content, total and vertical distribution of NO2. The data of lidar measurements are used to study the mechanisms of ozonosphere transformation and dynamics of optical characteristics of stratospheric aerosol layer [Zuev, 2000]. The data of measurements in 1999-2002 obtained under conditions of long-term background stratospheric state have been used for developing the models of vertical ozone and aerosol distribution (El’nikov et al., 2000). A reconstruction of ozone paleobehavior from dendrochronologic data (Zuev and Bondarenko, 2002).
In IAO SB RAS lidar sounding methods are also used for determining the characteristics of water medium (Veretennikov et al., 2001; Kokhanenko et al., 2001). A theory of laser sounding was developed. This theory made it possible to use the multiple-scattering component of lidar signal as the informative one in solving the inverse problems. Effective algorithms of retrieving the vertical profile of light attenuation index in seawater were developed and verified during experiments for sounding the North Sea and Baikal Lake.
A serious effort has been made for studying the possibilities of lidar sounding of crystal clouds and determination of different characteristics of their microstructure (Kaul, 2000; Romashov, 2001; Borovoi et al., 2000, 2002, 2002a; Shefer, 2002). Results of choosing the effective methods of lidar sounding of crystal cloud medium are given by Kaul et all. (2001). A major part of calculated components of the scattering matrix has been included in special databank for interpreting the polarization sounding of crystal clouds (Romashov et al., 2000).
Third line
of studies – Development and the making of the
techniques for radiation studying and remote sensing – is
presented by some institutes.
Specialists of MGO, SOI and IFMO developed and made the experimental model automatically operated Filter Ozone-UV-meter (AFO-UV) destined for providing the ozone and UV monitoring in Russian ozone measurement network. This instrument bases on UV-polychromator with photo-diode array registering the spectral content of UV radiation in 250-430 íì range and complies with WMO standards.
The compact multi-spectral airborne complex forming simultaneously some digital images in the 0.4-12.5 mm spectral range has been made in ITOES (Sosnovy Bor).
The Infrared Fourier-transform Spectrometer for atmospheric temperature and humidity sounding (IRTFS-2) on board the “Meteor-M” spacecraft has been designed in the Keldych Centre in collaboration with BMSU and IEME (Golovin et al., 2002). Planned time of the launch is 2006. The instrument is designed for measuring the spectra of outgoing radiation of the system “atmosphere-underlying surface”. Measurement data will be used for retrieving the temperature and humidity profiles, total ozone content, temperature of the underlying surface and cloudiness characteristics. In addition, measurement data can be used to determine the total content of minor atmospheric gas components: CH4, N2O, etc. The retrieval errors for meteorological parameters are given for cloudless atmospheric conditions.
The
project of gas correlation radiometer for spectral region of 2,2-2,3 µm which
is designed for monitoring the distributions of methane and carbon monoxide
total column amounts in low troposphere by nadir measurements of solar
radiation reflected by Earth surface has been worked out by LPI in
collaboration with the SPbSU and the “NTO Sfera” Ltd. A model of the
single-channel (for methane) instrument was built at LPI. It is shown that the
instrument energetic sensitivity with such photo-detector make possible measurements
of CH4 total column amount in the atmospheric layer of 0-4 km with
accuracy not worse then 10% from background value (Virolainen et al, 2002).
À low-noise
millimeter-wave spectrometer with broadband acousto-optical spectrum analyzer
(AOS) was built at the LPI (Esepkina et al., 2002). The AOS has been designed
at SPbSPU. Performance of the AOS covering total band of 500 MHz with spectral
resolution of 0.9 MHz as well as main features of its usage for ground-based
measurements of the atmospheric ozone emission in the 142.2 GHz spectral line
were investigated. First in Russia ozone measurements with AOS were
successfully performed by LPI.
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Kulikov, Yu.Yu.,
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Makarova, M.V.,
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Perminov, V.I., E.P. Kropotkina, V.V. Bakanas et al., 2002: Determination of the concentration of atmospheric principal and minor gaseous components at the mesopause altitude. Geomagn. and Aeronomy, 42, 814-820.
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Satellite Measurements
Principal areas of studies:
1. Development and perfection of methods of analyzing and interpreting the measurement data from recent operative satellites (of hydro-meteorological destination).
2.
Development of interpretation methods
for data of scientific satellite, preparation to future experiments.
3.
Development and refinement of methods
for assimilation of satellite data in NWP, climate modeling.
Investigations in the framework of item 1 can be subdivided on the following issues: a) atmospheric temperature and humidity retrievals (ATHR); b) derivation of atmospheric composition (ozone, trace gases); c) identification of clouds and precipitation; d) measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB); e) atmospheric winds derivation; f) detection and monitoring of severe weather phenomena (SWP).
Atmospheric temperature/humidity soundings. A processing package has been developed to retrieve the temperature and humidity profiles from the ATOVS/NOAA-16,-17 measurements of local area coverage (Solovjev et al., 2002, 2003). This package is shown to provide the temperature profile retrievals with spatial sampling of 30-40 km and mean RMSE about 1.50C within the 1000-70 hPa layer; it is better than the accuracy of 12h NWP forecasts (about 1.8°C). The retrieval of surface skin temperature (in particular, sea surface temperature – SST) is closely related to the above problem of atmospheric sounding. In (Solovjev et al., 2001) the improved technique is developed for the SST field derivation from 5 geostationary weather satellite data. The comparison of satellite SST estimates with collocated in-situ data over the Atlantics and Indian Ocean gives small systematic biases and RMS errors in the range 1.5-2.0°C.
Derivation of atmospheric composition. One of key issues being considered during reporting period is the analysis and interpetation of satellite estimates for Total Ozone Amount (TOA), based on TOMS measurements. The trends and anomalies in the TOA as well as TOA variations in different geographical zones have been studied in (Chernikov et al., 2002; Smirnov et al., 2000).
Scientists of SPbSU, IAP RAS and MGO have performed the comparison of GOME (ERS-2 satellite) measurement data on total ozone content in 1996-2000 with coordinated Russian ground-based measurements and collocated TOMS data (satellite EarthProbe) (Ionov et al., 2002). The data of Russian ozonometric network was found to be in a good agreement with TOMS, with systematic bias in comparison with GOME - by 3% on the average. Besides, GOME total NO2 measurements (GDP 2.7) were compared with correlative twilight ground-based observations at 2 locations: Zvenigorod (55.4°N, 36.5°E) in 1996-1998 and Lovozero (68.6°N, 35.0°E) in 2000-2002 (Timofeyev et al., 2000). The data of GOME considerably differ from ground-based observations.
In the frames of the Project METEOR3-SAGE-III, scientists of CAO lead the studies dedicated to the investigation and the monitoring of atmospheric gaseous and aerosol composition. Atmospheric content is determined by inverting the spectral transmittance functions measured by SAGE-III in 80 spectral channels in the 280-1500 nm range with the maximal resolution of 0.95 nm and the altitude resolution of about 50 m. Methods, algorithms and an software have been developed for calculating the vertical profiles of O3, NO2, aerosol extinction, water vapor from spectral transmittance functions of the atmosphere (Chayanova, 2001; Chayanova and Borisov, 1999).
Identification of clouds and precipitation. The threshold technique for NOAA/AVHRR data automatic classification has been developed (Volkova and Uspensky, 2002) that provides the detection of clouds and the estimation of cloud amount (with accuracy about 75%) as well as delineation of precipitation zones (with accuracy better than 60%) at day time and warm period of year. The new methods to retrieve cloud liquid water over oceans from satellite microwave imager data (SSM/I, DMSP; MTVZA, Meteor 3M N1) has been developed and tested (Zabolotskich et al., 2002). A new method to detect and to identify clouds from merged NOAA AVHRR and TOVS data has been proposed in (Plokhenko, 1999).
Measurements of the ERB. The measurements of outgoing shortwave radiation and albedo by IKOR radiometer as well as the measurements of solar constant values by ISP instrument (solar constant monitor) from “Meteor-3”N7, Resurs-01 N4 satellites have been analyzed in (Sklyarov et al., 1999, 2000; Sklyarov, 2001). In MGO new methods of estimating the ERB components from satellite data and are proposed by Pokrovsky and Korolevskaya (2001), and the problem of land surface albedo retrieval from multi-angular remote sensing data has been set and solved on the basis of the POLDER/ADEOS archives (Pokrovsky and Roujean, 2003).
Derivation of atmospheric winds. The
methods for sea surface wind speed (SSWS) retrieval from passive and active
microwave measurements have been developed and tested. In (Bukharov, 1999;
Bukharov and Geokhlanyan, 2000) estimates of sea surface wind are derived from
Ocean-01 RLSBO (Side Looking Radar) measurements. The detecting of zones with
dangerous SSWS over Black Sea is discussed in (Bukharov and Geokhlanyan, 2002).
The neural network-based algorithms for retrieving the parameters of atmosphere
and sea surface (including SSWS) from SSM/I data (DMSP satellites) have been
developed by (Zabolotskich et al., 2002). The regression algorithms of SSWS
retrieval from SSM/I data are considered in (Nerushev, 2002; Grankov and
Mil’shin, 2001).
Detection and monitoring of tropical cyclones and severe weather phenomena. The statistical model of the hemispheres’ tropical cyclogenesis based on remote sensing data has been developed in (Pokrovskaya and Sharkov, 1999). The analysis of the ozone layer disturbances by tropical cyclones has been performed by Nerushev and Tereb (2001). The using of satellite ERB measurements for the description of anomalous regimes of atmospheric circulation is discussed (Golovko and Kozoderov, 2000). Method of satellite observation of hazardous winds is discussed by Bukharov and Geokhlanyan (2002).
Investigations in the framework of item 2 were aimed to the development of methods for analysis of data from research and/or operational (future) satellites. The general overview of development perspectives for future Russian weather satellites are given in (Bedritsky et al., 1999; Uspensky et al., 2001; Dyaduchenko et al., 2002). Several studies are dedicated to the MTVZA/Meteor 3M N2 measurements analysis and processing, see (Uspensky et al., 2001a; Zabolotskikh et al., 2002). The MTVZA sensor presents the MW scanning radiometer with combined functions of imager (similar to SSM/I, DMSP satellites) and sounder (similar to AMSU, NOAA satellites). The high-resolution outgoing radiance spectra to be measured by advanced IR atmospheric sounder IASI (core payload of METOP satellite) can reveal valuable information about meteorological parameters. The capabilities to provide IASI-based retrievals of trace gases (CH4, N2O, CO) column amounts are investigated in (Uspensky et al., 1999; Romanov et al., 2002). The method of IASI-based remote sensing of ozone is proposed in (Uspensky et al., 2003). The capabilities to retrieve surface skin temperature with improved accuracy from IASI data are discussed in (Uspensky et al., 2001c). The IASI-based cloud detection scheme is considered by Uspensky et al. (2001b).
In
SPbSU, the interpretation of satellite experiment with spectrometer “Ozone-Mir”
onboard Space Station “Mir” has been completed. It was the first experiment on
Sun occultation sounding using multi-spectral instrument in UV-visible-near IR
spectral ranges. Simultaneous complex retrieval of ozonosphere parameters (Î3,
NO2 and spectral coefficient of aerosol extinction profiles,
parameters of aerosol size distribution) by optimal estimation method, the use
of measurement data in O2 band (at 0.76 mm) for
the height control were principal features of the interpretation procedure
(Polyakov, 1999). Comparison of retrieved data with independent measurements
demonstrated a high quality of the measurements (Poberovskii et al., 1999;
Polyakov et al., 1999, 2001). Polyakov et all. (2001a) have proposed a new
method for parameterizing the spectral dependence of aerosol extinction which
be used to solve the inverse problem of atmospheric occultation sounding from
space. Numerical studies of potential accuracy of retrieving the profiles of O3,
NO2 and spectral aerosol extinction were conducted using the
SAGE III measurement data (Timofeyev et al., 2003).
The
original method of simultaneous retrieval of kinetic temperature, pressure,
concentration of atmospheric gases and nonequilibrium populations of the
vibrational states of molecules of atmospheric gases from limb infrared
radiance measurements under the nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium conditions
has been developed. The method has been applied to the interpretation of
measurements by CRISTA-1 instrument in the 15mm
CO2 and 9.6mm O3
absorption bands. The influence of the assumption of the validity of LTE on the
kinetic temperature retrieval is estimated. Global fields of kinetic
temperature, vibrational temperatures of the excited states of CO2
and O3 molecules, pressure, CO2 and O3
abundances in the middle atmosphere have been obtained. The retrieved
vibrational temperature profiles have been compared to the results of numerical
modeling (Kostsov and Timofeyev, 2001; Kostsov et al., 2001).
Scientists
of Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre in St.
Petersburg have been conducted complex investigations of the environment on the
basis of data of satellite microwave active and passive sounding. Neuron
Network-based retrieval techniques for retrieving the atmospheric parameters
(Zabolotskikh et al., 2000), methods for determining characteristics of
underlying surface (water quality parameters in natural waters, ice type,
forestry composition) have been developed and approved (Pozdnyakov and
Lyaskovsky, 1999; Pozdnyakov et al., 2001, 2002). A number of studies is
dedicated to the analysis of global changes in ice cover in the Arctic Basin
and the Greenland Ice Sheet (Johannessen et all., 1999; Melentyev et al.,
2002). Interpretation of SMMR and SSM/I data over 20 years (1978-1998) on the
Arctic Ocean ice dynamics has yielded a ~7% per decade-reduction in the
multi-year ice area.
Scientists
of IAP RAS have studied possibilities of retrieving the turbulence, inner waves
and the dissipation rate of a turbulent kinetic energy in stratosphere from
satellite star occultation measurements (Gurvich and Brekhovskikh, 2001;
Gurvich, 2002; Gurvich et al., 2001; Kan et al., 2001; Dalaudier et al., 2001).
In collaboration with SPbSU, methods of interpreting the star occultation
measurements from space have been developed. Possibilities of determining the
characteristics of gaseous content have been analyzed (Polyakov et al., 2001b,
2002).
The
investigations on item 3 included the development of
procedures for satellite data assimilation in the NWP schemes. The algorithms
of atmospheric sounding data assimilation similar to well-known 3D-Var, 4D-Var
approach, have been developed in (Tsyrulnikov et al., 2003). The problem of
satellite data information content with respect to their assimilation in the
NWP schemes is discussed in (Pokrovsky, 2001). The derivation and using of
satellite data in various problems of climate modeling are described in
(Repinskaya and Babich, 1999; Timofeev and Yurovsky, 2000).
The team at the RSHMU (SPb) is actively conducting the study of the physical and chemical processes that define space and temporal distribution of the atmospheric ozone and other radiative gases based on the data assimilation by chemistry-transport models (Smyshlyaev et al., 1999; Yudin et al., 2000). A set of chemistry-transport atmospheric models has been developed to assimilate observational data from the ground-base, satellite and sonde measurements in real-time mode, i.e. at the each model time step. The variational and sequational methods of data assimilation have been tested on the way of the models development The set of the models have been used to carefully study causes of the observed ozone trends during 1970-2000, its future predictions, the examination of the nitrogen gases distribution in the Antarctic atmosphere, and the role of the large-scale dynamics and convective transport in ozone re-distributiion. Developed methods were used for gridding and mapping of the solar occultation satellite measurements of ozone, water vapor, NO2 and aerosol that were derived from SAGE I and SAGE II raw data. Some data were qualified to be gross errors and were recommended to exclude from the consideration. The distributions of some trace gases which are not observed but chemically dependent on observed gases were calculated (Smyshlyaev and Geller, 2001; Geller and Smyshlyaev, 2002).
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Abbreviations
AASI – Arctic and
Antarctic Science Institute, St. Petersburg;
BMSU – Bauman
Moscow State University;
CAO – Central
Aerological Observatory, Moscow.
IAG – Institute of
Applied Geophysics, Moscow;
IAM RAS – Keldysh
Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS, Moscow;
IAO SB RAS –
Institute of Atmospheric Optics of Siberian Branch of RAS, Tomsk;
IAP – Institute of
Applied Physics, N. Novgorod;
IAP RAS – Obukhov
Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow;
ICM RAS – Institute of Computational Mathematics of RAS, Moscow;
ICMMP SB RAS –
Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics of Siberian
Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk;
IEM SPA
"Typhoon"– Institute of Experimental Meteorology,
SPA"Typhoon", Obninsk, Moscow Region;
IEME – Institute of
Electronic Machine Engineering, Moscow;
IFMO – St.
Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics;
IO RAS – Shirshov
Institute of Optics RAS (SPb branch);
IRE RAS – Institute
of Radio-Electronics of
ITOES –
LPI RAS – Lebedev
Physical Institute of
MEI –
MGO – Voeikov Main
Geophysical Observatory,
MSU –
RHMC – Russian
Hydro Meteorological Center,
RSC “Curchatov Institute” IMP – RSC “Curchatov Institute” Institute of Molecular
Physics,
RSHMU –
SOI –
SPbSPU –
SPbSU – Saint-
SPS “Radon” – Scientific
Production Structure “Radon”,
SRC SM “Planeta” –
Scientific
SSU –
TSU –